Most of my short stories tend to be first drafts, not counting minor edits like changing individual words or making occasional refinements to sentence structure. But then my short stories really are pretty short, so I don't know to what degree this will generalize to novels yet.
As for my non-fiction books, the process has usually been such that the concept of a first draft isn't really valid. I don't write them straight through and then refine, instead I'll write parts of one chapter and then another in non-linear order, then revise some of what I've already written, toss out parts of the book to be replaced with something better, and so forth. By the time I finally have a "first draft" of the whole book, large parts of the content have already been edited several times.
From my (limited) experience, novels are very different to short stories. You can hold the whole concept of a short story in your head at one time.. but novels are big and slippery. Things change and develop as you write - so you often have to go back and rewrite or even delete huge swathes of things to fit the new pattern and flow. There are some people who can do without this - but IMO they're either brilliant writing geniuses (to whom we should not compare ourselves) or they're incredibly experienced writers who started out by going through the major-ov...
Followup to: Don't Fear Failure
In the same theme as the last article, I think that failure is actually pretty important in learning. Rationality needs data, and trying is a good source of it.
When you're trying to do something new, you probably won't be able to do it right the first time. Even if you obsess over it. Jeff Atwood is a programmer who says Quantity Always Trumps Quality
The people who tried more did better, even though they failed more too. Of course you shouldn't try to fail, but you shouldn't let the fear of it stop you from tyring.
I wouldn't go as far as to say that quantity always trumps quality, but where the cost of failure is low lots of failures that you pay attention to is a pretty good way of learning. You should hold off on proposing solutions, but you also need to get around to actually trying the proposed solution.
I'm normed such that I'll spend more time talking about if something will work than trying it out to see if it works. The problem is that if you don't know about something already, your thoughts about what will work aren't going to be particularly accurate. Trying something will very conclusively demonstrate if something works or not.
Note:
I originally had this as part of Don't Fear Failure, but that post got too long.