Are you asking whether every human being that is alive has a motivation to maximize QUALY?

Evolution doesn't produce terminal goals.

What do you mean with should?

Is there a biological basis that explains that utilitarianism and preservation of our species should motivate our actions? Or is it a purely selfish consideration: I feel well when others feel well in my social environment (and therefore even dependent on consensus)?

That sum you speak of is encoded in a massive biological calculator called a brain. Free will is the introspective module of that computer as it examines it's own calculations, and that data affects the state of the network to be part of future calculations.

Here they found dopamine to encode some superposed error signals about actual and counterfactual reward:

http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/11/18/1513619112.abstract

Could that be related to priors and likelihoods?

Significance

There is an abundance of circumstantial evidence (primarily work in nonhuman animal models) suggesting that dopamine transients serve as experience-dependent learning signals. This report establishes, to our knowledge, the first direct demonstration that subsecond fluctuations in dopamine concentration in the human striatum combine two distinct prediction error signals: (i) an experience-dependent reward prediction error term and (ii) a counterfactual prediction error term. These data are surprising because there is no prior evidence that fluctuations in dopamine should superpose actual and counterfactual information in humans. The observed compositional encoding of “actual” and “possible” is consistent with how one should “feel” and may be one example of how the human brain translates computations over experience to embodied states of subjective feeling.

Abstract

In the mammalian brain, dopamine is a critical neuromodulator whose actions underlie learning, decision-making, and behavioral control. Degeneration of dopamine neurons causes Parkinson’s disease, whereas dysregulation of dopamine signaling is believed to contribute to psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia, addiction, and depression. Experiments in animal models suggest the hypothesis that dopamine release in human striatum encodes reward prediction errors (RPEs) (the difference between actual and expected outcomes) during ongoing decision-making. Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) imaging experiments in humans support the idea that RPEs are tracked in the striatum; however, BOLD measurements cannot be used to infer the action of any one specific neurotransmitter. We monitored dopamine levels with subsecond temporal resolution in humans (n = 17) with Parkinson’s disease while they executed a sequential decision-making task. Participants placed bets and experienced monetary gains or losses. Dopamine fluctuations in the striatum fail to encode RPEs, as anticipated by a large body of work in model organisms. Instead, subsecond dopamine fluctuations encode an integration of RPEs with counterfactual prediction errors, the latter defined by how much better or worse the experienced outcome could have been. How dopamine fluctuations combine the actual and counterfactual is unknown. One possibility is that this process is the normal behavior of reward processing dopamine neurons, which previously had not been tested by experiments in animal models. Alternatively, this superposition of error terms may result from an additional yet-to-be-identified subclass of dopamine neurons.

Some helpful links I've collected over the years:

• https://www.quora.com/How-do-top-students-study
• https://www.reddit.com/r/cscareerquestions/comments/3jc9t5/cs_student_looking_for_ways_to_make_some_extra/
• https://imgur.com/gallery/pHUdq (Actual poor student cookbook)
• https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=7673628 (A free cookbook for people living on $4/day)
• https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=8181101 (The most common errors in undergraduate mathematics)
• http://mathoverflow.net/questions/13089/why-do-so-many-textbooks-have-so-much-technical-detail-and-so-little-enlightenme
• https://www.coursera.org/learn/learning-how-to-learn

If you do something related to computer science:

• https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=8085148 (work on some side projects, for example program an economy simulator, invent a simple layout/markup language, implement a LISP-machine in C)
• Get familiar with the UNIX command line, learn VIM and use Spacemacs as editor. Use org-mode for notes and git/magit for version control of all your projects and notes. Make use of a cloud service to keep all your files accessible from all your devices.

As someone who has developed RSI during their studies: If you feel that you don't have enough time to exercise, ignore that voice in your head and get a minimum amount of 7 minutes intense workout and 1 hour of very light exercise (e.g. walking, cycling or swimming) each day (and consider two sessions of longer intense workout per week, e.g. 60 min. swimming lessons). After each hour of sitting do a 5 minute break to stretch or drink a tea (Awareness.app for OS X is a nice software solution that can help you with that). A bad physical condition will affect your mood and mental performance negatively.

Do Bayesianists strongly believe that the Bayes' theorem accurately describes how the brain changes its latent variables in face of new data? It seems very unlikely to me that the brain keeps track of probability distributions and that they sum up to one. How do Bayesianists believe this works at the neuronal level?

In the context of vision. Pooling is not strictly necessary but makes things go a bit faster - the real trick of CNNs is to lock the weights of different parts of the network together so that you go through the exact same process to recognize objects if they're moved around (rather than having different processes for recognition for different parts of the image).