What is the meaning of "theory" in philosophy?
I don't know how to give an intensional definition. But the use of the word "theory" in discussions of the A-theory vs B-theory and Eternalism vs. Presentism gives an ostensive definition.
If Moral Parliament can make deals, it could as well decide on a single goal to be followed thereafter, at which point moral uncertainty is resolved (at least formally). For this to be a good idea, the resulting goal has to be sensitive to facts discovered in the future. This should also hold for other deals, so it seems to me that unconditional redistribution of resources in not the kind of deal that a Moral Parliament should make. Some unconditional redistributions of resources are better than others, but even better are conditional deals that say where the resources will go depending on what is discovered in the future. And while resources could be wasted, so that at a future point you won't be able to direct at much in a new direction, seats in the Moral Parliament can't be.
If Moral Parliament can make deals, it could as well decide on a single goal to be followed thereafter, at which point moral uncertainty is resolved (at least formally). For this to be a good idea, the resulting goal has to be sensitive to facts discovered in the future.
The "Eve" delegates want the "Tom" delegates to have less power no matter what, so they will support a deal that gives the "Tom" delegates less expected power in the near term. The "Tom" delegates give greater value to open-ended futures, so they will trade away power in the near term in exchange for more power if the future turns out to be open ended.
So this seems to be a case where both parties support a deal that takes away sensitivity if the future turns out to be short. Both parties support a deal that gives the "Eve" delegates more power in that case.
It seems to me that they're both perfectly valid and indeed equivalent. Like a change of basis, though, you will seem to have rearranged everything.
ETA: Actually, this IS a change of basis.
I probably should have used the words "presentism" and "eternalism" instead of "A-theory" and "B-theory". I've added a footnote which I hope clarifies this.
The point is that these are theories about what exists, and not just theories about how we should talk about time. To say that all of time is even "there" to be coordinatized is, in essence, to sign onto the B-theory as opposed to the A-theory.
I feel like this is just a really obnoxious argument about definitions.
I especially feel like this is a really obnoxious argument about definitions when the wiki article quotes things like:
"Take the supposed illusion of change. This must mean that something, X, appears to change when in fact it does not change at all. That may be true about X; but how could the illusion occur unless there were change somewhere? If there is no change in X, there must be a change in the deluded mind that contemplates X. The illusion of change is actually a changing illusion. Thus the illusion of change implies the reality of some change. Change, therefore, is invincible in its stubbornness; for no one can deny the appearance of change."
So, to taboo a bunch of words, and to try and state my take on the actual issue as I understand it (including some snark):
B theory: Let there be this thing called spacetime which encodes all moments of time (past,present, future) and space (i.e., the universe). The phenomenal experience of existence is akin to tracking a very particular slice of spacetime move along at the speed that time inches forward, as observed by me.
A theory: My mind is the fundamental metaphysical object, and moments of "time" can only be oriented with respect to my immediate phenomenal experience of reality. Trying to say something about a grand catalog of time (including the future) robs me of this phenomenal experience because I know what I'm feeling, and I'm feeling the phenomenal experience of existing right now, dammit! Point to that on your fancy spacetime chart!
Read this way, I suppose the most succinct objection of the A-theorist is: "If all of spacetime exists, all reference frames are equivalent, etc. etc., why am I, in this moment, existing right now?" To which, I imagine, a B-theorist would respond by saying, "Because you're right here," and would then point to their location on the spacetime chart.
But this isn't actually an argument about what time is like. It's an argument about how whether or not we should privilege the phenomenal experience of existing--of experiencing the now. That is, does me experiencing life right at this moment mean that this moment is special?
I suppose I can see why people that aren't computationalists would be bothered by the B theory, because it does rob you of that special-ness.
In this post, I use the words "A-theory" and "B-theory" as a sloppy shorthand for "presentism" and "eternalism", respectively. The point is that these are theories of ontology ("Does the future exist?"), and not just theories about how we should talk about time. This shouldn't seem like merely a semantic or vacuous dispute unless, as in certain caricatures of logical positivism, you think that the question of whether X exists is always just the question of whether X can be directly experienced.
(I've added this as a footnote to the post.)
When reading the first paragraph I stopped to think what my intuition about 'orderings of events in time' is. Before being primed by actual proposals (I luckily didn't know A vs. B beforehand and the naming doesn't give anything away). I thought about some events today and yesterday, their ordering and was mindful of how I phrased it and the tempos used. I didn't came to any clear theory of time this way.
To be specific I used phrases like "yesterday I did A and then I did B", "today I first did C and now do D", "later I will do E and then I will do F". During this mental speech I observed it and noticed that almost always two events are put in an X-before-Y or X-after-Y relation.
Then I went back to the wiki-article and read is sentence by sentence to avoid revealing more than absolutely needed to arrive at a forking of my mental model in two by the differentiations provided.
The result? I didn't see any contradiction between both theories and actually don't find any more compelling. Rather they provide different views on the phenomenon and perception of time. Both aspects were present in my model and mental process.
Maybe this view results from the process applied. Maybe it is because my mental model was rich enough initially. And maybe it is as in calefs comment that people with a computational background are used to dealing with both views.
Thanks for this data point.
In the post, I unthinkingly used "A-theory" and "B-theory" as code for "presentism" and "eternalism". I'd be curious to know how you react to the positions in these articles.
From a constructivist standpoint, I can observe the present, so that's there. Than I can construct based on that the past and the future.
It seems like the nature of time should be emotionally neutral1.
I personally can say that I had a very strong belief that if I awake and the last day I remember is Tuesday it should be Wednesday and not Monday. It was quite a shock to learn that isn't true.
Fundamental beliefs often do come with strong emotions if they are challenged.
Some A-theorists report that a particular basic experience of "becoming" is the immediate reason for their attachment to the A-theory. But the story above doesn't really have anything to do with "becoming", at least not obviously. (This is because I can't make heads or tails of "becoming".)
Experience is a word that refers to qualia. The blind man can't easily make sense of someone speaking about experiencing seeing red.
Different perception can easily lead to different intuitions.
I personally can say that I had a very strong belief that if I awake and the last day I remember is Tuesday it should be Wednesday and not Monday. It was quite a shock to learn that isn't true.
Yes, it can be very distressing to have a strong intuition challenged. It would be very distressing to learn that arithmetic for large integers didn't work the way I assumed it did.
But in math, the intuition precedes the emotional significance. I don't start out being emotionally attached to a certain answer. Rather, I start out emotionally neutral about the question, I form an intuition about the answer, and then I am emotionally attached to being right.
So, the emotional significance can't be used to explain where the intuition came from. In the case of math, the universality of the intuitions can be explained by our common biological and cultural heritage, and by our common experience with how the enumeration of things works.
In the case of time, we have the same biological and cultural heritage, and we have the same experience with time itself, but we arrive at different intuitions about the relationship between time and ontology. This is what I find puzzling.
Different perception can easily lead to different intuitions.
What are the different perceptions that would explain the different intuitions about whether the future exists?
I had to re-read this several times before I understood the point of what you were saying. It has a lot of important things missing, in particular:
Why bring time into this? Intuitions 1 and 2 collide in the same way regardless of whether the two mind-states are causally connected (e.g. I'd still feel that a sufficiently-similar-to-me simulation in some place outside my light cone is still me, somehow, even though I don't have any of his qualia).
How does B-theory solve this problem?
Why bring time into this?
I'm not sure that I understand the question. The post started out being about time. Time wasn't "brought into it".
Intuitions 1 and 2 collide in the same way regardless of whether the two mind-states are causally connected. [...] How does B-theory solve this problem?
I think you're right that the intuitions collide regardless. In my experience, B-theorists reject Intuition 1. B-theorists incline to say that you are a temporally extended object, and that your present awareness is just one time-slice of this 4D object. That is, they allow that you contain, within your 4D extension, several self-aware parts that are not aware of one another. Two such self-aware parts are you-today and you-tomorrow.
(Here, I'm using "aware" to refer to the kind of immediate awareness that you have of your current experiences. Normally, even the most vivid memories lack this sense of immediateness and so are easily distinguished from present experience.)
I dislike how people call this vague A- (or B-) intuition a theory, given how it is untestable even in principle. It's no more a "theory" than counting the proverbial angels on the head of a pin. The term "true" does not apply in this case.
It is true that the word "theory" is used with different meanings in different contexts.
Why is the A-Theory of Time Attractive?
I've always been puzzled by why so many people have such strong intuitions about whether the A-theory or the B-theory1 of time is true. [ETA: I've written "A-theory" and "B-theory" as code for "presentism" and "eternalism", but see the first footnote.] It seems like nothing psychologically important turns on this question. And yet, people often have a very strong intuition supporting one theory over the other. Moreover, this intuition seems to be remarkably primitive. That is, whichever theory you prefer, you probably felt an immediate affinity for that conception of time as soon as you started thinking about time at all. The intuition that time is A-theoretic or B-theoretic seems pre-philosophical, whichever intuition you have. This intuition will then shape your subsequent theoretical speculations about time, rather than vice-verse.
Consider, by way of contrast, intuitions about God. People often have a strong pre-theoretical intuition about whether God exists. But it is easy to imagine how someone could form a strong emotional attachment to the existence of God early in life. Can emotional significance explain why people have deeply felt intuitions about time? It seems like the nature of time should be emotionally neutral2.
Now, strong intuitions about emotionally neutral topics aren't so uncommon. For example, we have strong intuitions about how addition behaves for large integers. But usually, it seems, such intuitions are nearly unanimous and can be attributed to our common biological or cultural heritage. Strong disagreeing intuitions about neutral topics seem rarer.
Speaking for myself, the B-theory has always seemed just obviously true. I can't really make coherent sense out of the A-theory. If I had never encountered the A-theory, the idea that time might work like that would not have occurred to me. Nonetheless, at the risk of being rude, I am going to speculate about how A-theorists got that way. (B-theorists, of course, just follow the evidence ;).)
I wonder if the real psycho-philosophical root of the A-theory is the following. If you feel strongly committed to the A-theory, maybe you are being pushed into that position by two conflicting intuitions about your own personal identity.
Intuition 1: On the one hand, you have a notion of personal identity according to which you are just whatever is accessible to your self-awareness right now, plus maybe whatever metaphysical "supporting machinery" allows you to have this kind of self-awareness.
Intuition 2: On the other hand, you feel that you must identify yourself, in some sense, with you-tomorrow. Otherwise, you can give no "rational" account of the particular way in which you care about and feel responsible for this particular tomorrow-person, as opposed to Brittany-Spears-tomorrow, say.
But now you have a problem. It seems that if you take this second intuition seriously, then the first intuition implies that the experiences of you-tomorrow should be accessible to you-now. Obviously, this is not the case. You-tomorrow will have some particular contents of self-awareness, but those contents aren't accessible to you-now. Indeed, entirely different contents completely fill your awareness now — contents which will not be accessible in this direct and immediate way to you-tomorrow.
So, to hold onto both intuitions, you must somehow block the inference made in the previous paragraph. One way to do this is to go through the following sequence:
- Take the first intuition on board without reservation.
- Take the second intuition on board in a modified way: "identify" you-now with you-tomorrow, but don't stop there. If you left things at this point, the relationship of "identity" would entail a conduit through which all of your tomorrow-awareness should explode into your now, overlaying or crowding out your now-awareness. You must somehow forestall this inference, so...
- Deny that you-tomorrow exists! At least, deny that it exists in the full sense of the word. Thus, metaphorically, you put up a "veil of nonexistence" between you-tomorrow and you-now. This veil of nonexistence explains the absence of the tomorrow-awareness from your present awareness. The tomorrow-awareness is absent because it simply doesn't exist! (—yet!) Thus, in step (2), you may safely identify you-now with you-tomorrow. You can go ahead and open that conduit to the future, without any fear of what would pour through into the now, because there simply is nothing on the other side.
One potential problem with this psychological explanation is that it doesn't explain the significance of "becoming". Some A-theorists report that a particular basic experience of "becoming" is the immediate reason for their attachment to the A-theory. But the story above doesn't really have anything to do with "becoming", at least not obviously. (This is because I can't make heads or tails of "becoming".)
Second, intuitions about time, even in their primitive pre-reflective state, are intuitions about everything in time. Yet the story above is exclusively about oneself in time. It seems that it would require something more to pass from intuitions about oneself in time to intuitions about how the entire universe is in time.
1 [ETA: In this post, I use the words "A-theory" and "B-theory" as a sloppy shorthand for "presentism" and "eternalism", respectively. The point is that these are theories of ontology ("Does the future exist?"), and not just theories about how we should talk about time. This shouldn't seem like merely a semantic or vacuous dispute unless, as in certain caricatures of logical positivism, you think that the question of whether X exists is always just the question of whether X can be directly experienced.]
2 Some people do seem to be attached to the A-theory because they think that the B-theory takes away their free will by implying that what they will choose is already the case right now. This might explain the emotional significance of the A-theory of time for some people. But many A-theorists are happy to grant, say, that God already knows what they will do. I'm trying to understand those A-theorists who aren't bothered by the implications of the B-theory for free will.
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I'm an A-ist and that's what I think. I don't see how it's incompatible with A-ism.
I probably should have used the terminology of "presentism" and "eternalism" instead of "A-theory" and "B-theory". Do you consider yourself to be a presentist?