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Regarding the "reducing mortality" example, in biostats, mortality is "death due to X, divided by population". So "reducing cardiovascular mortality" would be dangerous, because it might kill its patients with a nerve poison. Reducing general mortality, though, shouldn't cause it to kill people, as long as it agrees with your definition of "death." (Presumably you would also have it list all side effects, which SHOULD catch the nerve-poison &etc.)
Reducing, through reducing the population beforehand.
I am sorely tempted to adjust its goal. Since this is a narrow AI, it shouldn't be smart enough to be friendly; we can't encode the real utility function into it, even if we knew what it is. I wonder if that means it can't be made safe, or just that we need to be careful?
Best I can tell, the lesson is to be very careful with how you code the objective.
In response to
An example of deadly non-general AI
Thing is: a narrow AI that doesn't model human minds and attempts to disrupt it's strategies isn't going to hide how it plans to do it.
So you build your narrow super-medicine-bot and ask it to plan out how it will achieve the goal you've given it and to provide a full walkthrough and description.
it's not a general AI, it doesn't have any programming for understanding lying or misleading anyone so it lays out the plan in full for the human operator. (why would it not?)
who promptly changes the criteria for success and tries again.
I think this sums it up well. To my understanding, I think it would only require someone "looking over its shoulder", asking its specific objective for each drug and the expected results of the drug. I doubt a "limited intelligence" would be able to lie. That is, unless it somehow mutated/accidentally became a more general AI, but then we've jumped rails into a different problem.
It's possible that I'm paying too much attention to your example, and not enough attention to your general point. I guess the moral of the story is, though, "limited AI can still be dangerous if you don't take proper precautions", or "incautiously coded objectives can be just as dangerous in limited AI as in general AI". Which I agree with, and is a good point.
In response to
Open thread, 18-24 August 2014
So, there's a fair amount of interest here in post-singularity life-preserving things like cryogenics, uploading one's mind to a computer system, etc. There's a videogame on sale at the moment called "Master Reboot", where you wake up after having uploaded your mind, and something inevitably goes wrong (because otherwise there would be no story). The general impression I've gathered from others is "mediocre low-budget game, interesting concept". I figured someone here may find it their cup of tea.
If you're interested, it's on sale in the Humble Weekly Bundle until 2 PM on 8/28 - bundled with 4 other games for ~$8. You can watch the trailer here, or find an honest video review here.
- Installed RescueTime to track where I spend time. I hardly never check the dashboard so I don't think it's very effective.
Did the same with the same result. It falls under the category of information that is easy to gather but I don't base actions on, so it is useless in the literal sense.
- On Reddit, my default settings only show posts for the latest months, so in the few subreddits I follow regularly, there'll rarely be new things (and I avoid at looking at other kinds of feed like new or the front page), and I don't worry about missing things. This doesn't make visiting reddit very rewarding, but that's a feature :)
I could block Reddit completely and send the top posts from the week to my kindle on a weekly basis. Though blocking websites usually doesn't help me.
*I do regularly cull low quality stuff from my RSS feeds, so I rarely have that much
The problem here is that I don't have low quality feeds, but that they are not high quality in regular fashion, meaning that I sometimes get good content. Though I imagine I could look for substitute streams that are more consistent in their quality and/or figure out a way to filter the noise.
- I occasionally do pomodoros (not a fully ingrained habit yet), which works on getting myself to stay focused.
That I will have to try. But it does not seem like they solve a problem I have, namely wasting my time on consuming information I actually don't care about.
- I have no fear of "missing some information", that's just silly, in ten years I don't think my life will be changed because I didn't read a blog post or some news. Most journalism is a waste of time anyway, reading wikipedia or textbooks is more effective.
I regularly get great information from lesswrong, reddit, hacker news and my RSS feeds, which seems to be the exact problem. Cutting it all out completely and replacing it with textbooks and wikipedia seems too extreme.
Installed RescueTime to track where I spend time. I hardly never check the dashboard so I don't think it's very effective.
Did the same with the same result. It falls under the category of information that is easy to gather but I don't base actions on, so it is useless in the literal sense.
I also had the same experience. I couldn't have phrased the above better.
In response to
A vote against spaced repetition
There's an Anki Deck on "The 20 rules of formulating knowledge [in SRS]". It's highly recommended for frequent Anki users. Here's some examples:
- Start with the big picture
- Refer to other memories
- Use mnemonic techniques
- Use imagery
- Use graphic deletion (e.g. for diagrams, anatomy etc.)
- Avoid sets ("contraindications of Metronidazole" would probably be a set) ...
So it seems that many of the points you mention are addressed if you use Anki effectively. Your post makes sense though: In my impression 1) most people are not using it as effectively as they could 2) it's not obvious how to use it effectively 3) effective use of SRS takes time and practice. There's certainly also cases where it's just not always the best technique.
Article: http://www.supermemo.com/articles/20rules.htm Deck: http://alexvermeer.com/download/How-to-Formulate-Knowledge.anki
PS: I second the post on memory palaces, sounds really interesting!
For what it's worth: Though I do not claim to be a perfect user of SRS flashcards, I used them intensively for 3 years of medical school, constantly refining my technique. Many people here have suggested ways to improve my strategies. I have not yet seen an idea that I have not already tried extensively. Though I'm far from perfect, I think it's safe to say I have a better understanding than most beginners. There certainly is room for me to improve, but not much. If someone is considering using SRS long term for high volumes in medical school, here is my advice: it is possible a Perfect SRS User could use it more effectively than I did, but if you haven't already used SRS for years, you aren't such a person.
I never read that article, but I figured out many of those on my own. I agree with many of them, disagree with some. My input, for those that use it:
-Cloze deletion is simple, but to me, it is far too easy to "guess the teacher's password" using that technique, and is of limited use. It's great for high-school level fact regurgitation, but less useful for post-graduate stuff. You will quickly become good at the deck, but it does not strongly help your understanding of the material. That's an important point: your skill at answering questions in the deck does not necessarily translate to your skill at answering questions in real life.
-Graphic deletion - I used to do this all the time, but it is really time consuming to set up. I consider myself fast with an image-editor, but it's still a big drain. (Again, this is more of an issue in high volume) It also runs into the Cloze deletion problem.
-Use imagery: heck yes. I highly agree, in any situation (flashcards or no)
-Any technique splitting a larger whole into many smaller flashcards (the article lists several): This is possibly the WORST suggestion for high volume. While this is certainly very useful, again, when you use it in high volume I have found mental fatigue to become an issue. If you don't include the entire whole, you miss out on the big picture in a situation where the big picture truly is important. If you DO include the whole, you run into the cloze deletion "guessing the teacher's password" problem. That said, it has its uses in smaller volume, but I will never again use it in a high-volume deck.
To give an example: As the article suggests, I used to take a diagram, set up graphic deletion (make a series of images where a single element was blotted out), and run through the cards.
1) this takes a lot of startup time
2) Even ignoring the time to make the cards, I found reviewing the cards to be more time consuming than simply looking at the diagram, covering up the lables, and attempting to recall.
3) You get no practice recalling the diagram from memory
4) This technique is most effective if you will later see that exact diagram in real life/on the test, I argue it is a pitfall for guessing the teacher's password and provides less intuitive understanding of the diagram.
The strength in SRS comes from not wasting time on the easy parts and only spending time on the hard parts of the diagram. The theory is, after the first two cycles, you're only reviewing the "hard" parts of the diagram. On the other hand, you've spent more time making the cards, more time for the first and second card cycles, you're taking a big hit to the "big picture" style, and have no practice conjuring the diagram itself from memory. Ignoring the big picture and general understanding elements: if SRS provides any time benefit for the rote memorization vs going without SRS cards, i would only expect the benefit to "catch up" in 3 weeks BARE minimum; for me (for fatigue reasons in high volume) I pin the crossing point at 3 to 6 months, assuming it's an unintuitive diagram I use infrequently enough that I will forget it without review. I also argue that it provides a weaker general understanding of the diagram as a whole.
In response to
A vote against spaced repetition
If there's enough demand on LW I can write up a summary.
Please do.
Now that this topic is buried on page 2, I don't know if anyone will see this post. However, I've begun work on my tutorial. I intend to do a "demo", constructing a memory palace. Is there a particular list (of about 5-9 items) that people might find universally useful? Memory palaces really need to be constructed by the individual, but for the demo, I'd prefer to to something at least mildly relevant.
In response to
A vote against spaced repetition
As spaced repetition and flashcards are a technique and tool respectively it is (to me) obvious that they are useful for certain kinds of circumstances. Flashcards really are useful only when you want to associate 2 things to each other (for example a word and its translation) and might not be the best way to build an organized knowledge of a subject. Because of that I wouldn't use them for that purpose in any case.
Thank you for pointing out an area where they fail, that was useful information.
A question to the community: Do you really believe as much in spaced repetition/Anki as the post suggests?
A question to the community: Do you really believe as much in spaced repetition/Anki as the post suggests?
Excellent question; I'd like to know too.
even with easy flashcards I occasionally find myself staring dumbly at it for ten or more seconds
To me, that suggests that the card is either too complex and should be split up further, or that you simply do not have solid recall of the relevant facts, so you should just flip to the answer and mark the card difficult. It's quite normal to forget even some basic info over time; the point of SRS is to refresh these memories at the lowest viable cost.
I appreciate the input, truly, but I can confidently state that's not the case in my situation. This happens even on the simplest questions that I know cold, and is a problem with mental fatigue, monotony, and reading. After the 100th card, I would expect similar results from "what color is the sky" occasionally. I highly doubt I am dyslexic, but I might be a little ADHD. Once again, I do not presume everyone has similar results, but when I did 150 cards per day (and lord help me if I missed a day), easy cards posed a significant drain on my time and mental energy.
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Thanks to Stuart_Armstrong for getting me thinking about narrow intelligence.