I am reminded of a paper by Simkin and Roychowdhury where they argued, on the basis of an analysis of misprints in scientific paper citations, that most scientists don't actually read the papers they cite, but instead just copy the citations from other papers. From this they show that the fact that some papers are widely cited in the literature can be explained by random chance alone.

Their evidence is not without flaws - the scientists might have just copied the citations for convenience, despite having actually read the papers. Still, we can easily imagine a similar effect arising if the scientists do read the papers they cite, but use the citation lists in other papers to direct their own reading. In that case, a paper that is read and cited once is more likely to be read and cited again, so a small number of papers acquire an unusual prominence independent of their inherent worth.

If we see a significant number of instances where the conclusions of a widely-accepted paper are later debunked by a simple test, then we might begin to suspect that something like this is happening.