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I think that teams of up to five people can scale "pretty well by human standards" - not too far from linearly. It's going up to a hundred, a thousand, a million, a billion that we start to run into incredibly sublinear returns.
The problem with this essay is that it talks of the Economics of cognitive re-investment without mentioning Capital reswitching. This was big in the Sixties and fed into game theoretic notions in Evolution during the 70's- at least at the LSE - so my feeling is that this approach is not even wrong. Vide http://socioproctology.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/south-park-and-super-intelligent.html
Pity- Eliezer writes well.
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The comparison that leapt into my mind was Chomskians talking about how politicians and the media decide which topics are even discussed. Not sure if they have a term for that. I guess what you call "Privileging the Question" is part of framing in the social sciences sense. It's handy to have a phrase for this particular thing, though.
I think we are talking about 'wedge issues'. In general, empirical study yields a good enough answer to the question- Why is this a wedge issue in the sense of 1) acting as Schelling focal points across the spectrum? ( here salience arises from deep tectonics) 2) hogging cognitive resources? (here there may be a 'buffering' or logic-redundancy type advantage arising from a concurrency deadlock or race hazard type problem. )
Turning to Theory dependent approaches- the question arises- can they yield a Scientific Research Program? This depends on domain specificity. Most Theoretical answers have the advantage of being known in advance and of yielding Bourdieusian Capital and/or a Participation mystique. Chomsky's answer - 'the Fascists secretly took over everything while I was on my lunch-break'- & Khomeini's answer 'the infidels openly and vaingloriously took over while I was praying'- can't give rise to either a Scientific or truly Philosophical Research Program but probably can get you funding. Non theory dependent answers can get you more funding if you already have plenty but otherwise they are just stuff we naturally compute and re-compute while waiting for funding- that last, of course, being formally indistinguishable from death.