To add some specificity to this article, I can think of a few examples of cultural/philosophical perspectives that most people often take as assumptions in the LW Diaspora (that would not be shared by all historical humans). I like most of these assumptions, but it's always nice to specify your axioms, right?
• We are observers of an objective system of matter and energy that follows simple, particle-level rules.
• Most physical goals can be achieved given enough thought.
• Every running instance of a pattern that is close to a human brain is a moral peer. We want to promote the prosperity of peers. Mammals and other megafauna are peers of maybe 1/10 the moral weight.
• We want moral peers to have comfort, happiness, and (maybe instrumentally) control over their lives.
• We prefer to promote the prosperity of each individual human over the prosperity of an organization or the prosperity of each human cell.
• We would prefer to replace 'barren' regions (eg Mars) with ecosystems or industrial systems.
• A consensus of many diverse intelligences usually makes safer, more accurate decisions than a dictatorship of one intelligence.
• Where our current cultural perspective differs from past, contemporary, or future cultural perspectives, we are open to the idea that our perspective is not the best.
• Earth transitioned from an abiotic planet to a planet with a biosphere, and that is somewhat unusual.
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Not new, possibly not interesting to anyone beside me. A 2013 astrobiology paper that explores an odd corner of the Fermi Paradox. The paper explores the bizarre perspective that Earth life was seeded by extraterrestrial life (directed panspermia) as a form of information backup. Our biosphere's junk DNA, in this scenario, stores information valuable to the extraterrestrial system.
https://arxiv.org/abs/1303.6739