The Singularity Institute is in the process of publishing Eliezer Yudkowsky’s Sequences of rationality posts as an electronic book. The Sequences are made up of multiple hundreds of posts. These are being downloaded and converted to LaTeX for publishing programmatically and that’s where the human tasks begin. These will entail:

• Verifying that all the content has all been transferred, including all text, equations and images.
• Proofreading for any typographical errors that may have escaped attention thus far.
• Verifying that all external links are still alive (and replacing any that are not).
• Creating a bibliography for all material referenced in the chapters (posts).

The recent document publishing efforts at SIAI would not have been possible without the assistance of dedicated volunteers. This new project is the perfect opportunity to help out lesswrong while giving you an excuse to catch up on (or revisit) your reading of some foundational rational thinking material. As an added bonus every post reviewed will save the world with 3.5*epsilon probability.

We need volunteers who are willing to read some sequence posts and have an eye for detail. Anyone interested in contributing should contact me at cameron.taylor [at] singinst [dot] org.

For those more interested in academic papers we also have regular publications (and re-publications) that need proofreading and editing before they are released.

More literally a journey to making the dots of the 'i's line up just right with the 'f's and ensuring that the crossing of 'T' meets up neatly with the tip of the 'h' - all without breaking text searching and copy and paste.

Task

Now, as we all know, science isn't just about little things like peer review and double blind placebo controlled studies. Far more important is presenting your work in accordance with the grand traditions of scientific publication - all while ensuring you flatter all the right people for their sometimes obsolete and possibly only slightly relevant past works. Of course you must do this all according to standard citation formulae developed a century or two ago back when the city in which a text document was published was somehow a useful piece of information.

Some may consider people like Galileo and Bacon to be the most influential figures in science but the man who made the greatest contribution to the way humanity seeks and disseminates knowledge is of course Donald Knuth. The man who took a decade off writing his multi-volume magnum opus [The Art of Computer Programming](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Computer_Programming) to create TeX, the foundation of LaTeX and without which science as we know it would be unrecognizable. These days presenting academic publications without using LaTeX may be nearly as uncouth and banal as writing about your research in first person rather than than the passive voice!

The above cynicism is largely sincere and only a trifle exaggerated. Yet at the same time I acknowledge that there is much value to be had in wearing a uniform and the time for lonely dissent is not on matters as trivial as presentation. The overhead of presenting work in a form that other academics are willing to accept is comparatively minor and the payoffs significant.

One of the many initiatives lukeprog has set in motion now that he is organizing things over at SingInst is the porting of all of SIAI's past publications from various adhoc formats to LaTeX with a standard publication template. You can see an early example of the new format here.

Challenge

Unfortunately, Wei_Dai encountered a problem. In the first presentation of the converted document copy and pasting "The" would give something like "Ļe" and copying "fi" would give "ŀ". The problem is with the implementation of ligatures. Back when typesetting was done manually - I can only imagine using a whole bunch of little metal stamp like things that could be plugged into the right places - the typsetters had an extra collection of pseudo letters to use instead of combinations like "fi", "ffi" and "Th". The reason being that those particular combinations just don't look too good if they are placed together the same way that you would place them with other letters. You wind up with either having the too far apart or having parts of them overlap in a way that isn't particularly neat.

In the font SingInst uses the non-ligature versions of 'f' and 'i' combine with the dot of the 'i' only partially ovelapping the 'f' which somehow makes it jump out more easily to the reader. The way this is solved with the ligatures is actually increase the degree of overlap such that the f smoothly blends in to the i. Someone with far more highly honed aesthetic sense than I concluded that this is the best way to present English letters and it looks fairly good to me so I'll take their word for it.

The problem is that while ligatures are easy for humans to read "Notepad", "Word" and "Firefox" aren't nearly as smart. And unfortunately there isn't a consistent standard between fonts of which ligature means what so we end up with all sorts of random mess if we try to copy and paste from a ligature riddled document into our editor of choice. This left me with rather a lot of work to do while I was generating LaTeX files from those of the old SingInst publications that were only available in PDF form and that isn't a task I would wish on all the future consumers of SingInst literature.

Opportunity

Fortunately, the PDF format and the LaTeX are both advanced enough to handle making the visible text use the ligature characters while keeping the original text available for easy copy and pasting by the interested reader. This involves something called a 'cmap'. It is a mapping from an input encoding to the output encoding. With that cmap embedded in the pdf file any fully featured pdf reader is able to take the pretty text, strip apart the ligatures and figure out what they were originally.

Why then is Wei unable to copy our Th's and fi's? I haven't the slightest idea. My research suggests that the xelatex distribution we were using should just work and handle this sort of thing. So confident is it in managing such mappings that it outright rejects compatibility with the 'cmap' passage which could be used in the older 'pdflatex' compiler to handle this sort of task.

Attempted Workarounds

• \usepackage{cmap} - Recommended as the solution to all problems ligature related as the result of all obvious google searches. Unfortunately the package doesn't load in xelatex and from all reports just isn't supposed to be needed.
• Use a different, similar font. There are plenty of alternatives to Adobe Caslon Pro - Adobe Garamond Pro for example. No luck - the problem seemed to apply to all fonts installed to the system (and thereby made accessible via xelatex's font magic).
• Find a font that doesn't need ligatures - This works, obviously. There are plenty of fonts that keep the letters sufficiently spread - or are even mono-typed. None of them looked anywhere near as good as Adobe Caslon Pro but they would have to suffice if no better alternative could be found.
• Manually edit .map files. If I recall that helped a tad. One by one characters could be retargetted but then all ended up pointing at the basic font rather than, say to 'bold'.
• Extracting maps from otf (font) files - There are all sorts of linux based command line tools for the manipulation of fonts between various formats and the extraction of data from them. Some of the work as specified. The ones that try to do more than one step at the same time do not - at least without extensive intervention. While no doubt it would lead to eventual success this approach is not recommended to anyone who has less than several weeks to spend learning the dark arts of font internal details.
• autoinst - this is a tool that is supposed to 'just work' and install fonts for use even in the comparatively primitive pdflatex. Suffice it to say that it does not.
• autoinst with manual assistance - autoinst seems to produce all the files that should be needed, the task then is to distribute them in a way that allows them to work with latex. This approach would probably work... eventually. It is far from trivial and did not work within the time I allocated to.
• Expert assistance - Money solves everything. Luke contacted assorted people who know about LaTeX and offered to pay them to fix our problem. Unfortunately none of the responders had a clue in this case, at least not at first glance.
• Pristine, up to date installation of TeXLive -often the packages installed by ubuntu are not as fresh as those to be had by installing directly from the source. Reverting the ubuntu virtual machine to a pre-latex state and downloading 2gb worth of TeXlive distribution could well have helped. It didn't.
• lualatex or pdflatex instead of xelatex - no luck (yet).
• MikTeX - the easy to use windows based distribution of latex may have allowed the autoinst program or perhaps xelatex magic to 'just work'. It didn't - in fact a known bug in one of the packages in that distribution prevented the SingInst template from working with MikTeX at all.
• inbuild font packages - success - to a degree. Fonts that come with old style latex packages in either MikTeX or TeXLive work as intended. They still don't look as good as Adobe Caslon Pro but would have been been good enough.

Success!

• Running MikTeX instead of TeXlive Reinstalling MikTeX, downloading fresh packages and then running lualatex. Success! Adobe Caslon Pro now appears in our publications without any Ligature related problems. Why did this work while lualatex on TeXLive still doesn't work correctly? I'm not entirely sure. But I'm rather glad I had the hunch to go back and try it even when my attention had moved on to more important matters.

Optimal Decision Making

An analysis could be done on what the optimal problem solving strategy would have been at any point in that process. Among other things I would note that rather early on in the process I decided that the expected value of continuing to attack the problem was rather low - so I stopped billing Luke for the time. But since I really don't like being bested by a challenge I went ahead and did it anyway. Much frustration was involved but in this case I was rewarded with a large boost of personal satisfaction and with SingInst publications that are an iota or two more beautiful!