All of Torben's Comments + Replies

Torben00

Wow, sorry about the stupid autocorrects above.

As have been pointed out on e.g marginalrevolution.com, one reason HFT is so popular is because the minimum stock price increment is one cent. HFT might conceivably lose much of its allure if this lower bound is changed to, say, .01 cent.

I'm not convinced trading must be intelligent to provide beneficial information to the market. I'm also not convinced all HFT systems have identical systematic errors. Can you give some examples?

Torben-20

What is the problem with high-speed trading in your opinion? I see a lot of people wanting a Financial Transactoons Tax, but I have yet to see étaples of what it would accomplish or prevent?

3private_messaging
http://www.economist.com/node/21525456 for the starter. The arguments in favour of speculation, in general, rest on assumption of intelligent trading and diversity of strategies. The short term range, however, is entirely up to software tools, whose decisions are stupid and have identical systematic errors. I think the short term trading is going to go out with a bang first time there's any interesting software-level exploitation - either a direct hack or adoption of one bot whose decision theory makes non-trivial use of understanding of other instances of itself. Bang as in, a millisecond level bubbles and crashes followed by decision to roll it back and regulate or prohibit.
Torben00

In Fabric of Reality, David Deutsch claims the double-split experiment is evidence of photons interfering with photons in other worlds.

Torben110

That would amount to convincing me that the experience which is currently happening, is not currently happening; or that an experience which previously happened, did not actually happen.

Why? What's wrong with an experience happening in another way than you imagine? This more than anything cries "crackpot" to me; the uncompromising attitude that your opponents' view must lead to absurdities. Like Christians arguing that without souls, atheists should go on killing sprees all the time.

-1Mitchell_Porter
You could be talking about ontology here, or you could be talking about phenomenology (and then there is the small overlap where we talk about phenomenological ontology, the ontology of appearances). An example of an experience happening ontologically in a different way than you imagine, might be a schizophrenic who thinks voices are being beamed into their head by the CIA, when in fact they are an endogenously created hallucination. An example of an experience happening phenomenologically in a different way than you imagine, might be a court witness who insists quite honestly that they saw the defendant driving the stolen car, but in fact they never really had that experience. We are talking here about the nature of color experience. I interpret WrongBot to be making a phenomenological claim, that there aren't actually colors even at the level of experience. Possibly you think the argument is about the causes or "underlying nature" of color experience, e.g. the idea that a color perception is really a neural firing pattern. If the argument is solely at the level of phenomenology, then there is no need to take seriously the idea that the colors aren't there. This isn't a judgment call about an elusive distant event. Colors are right in front of me, every second of my waking life; it would be a sort of madness to deny that. If the argument is at the level of ontology, then I presume that color perception does indeed have something to do with neural activity. But the colors themselves cannot be identified with movements of ions through neural membranes, or whatever the neurophysical correlate of color is supposed to be, because we already have a physical ontology and it doesn't contain any such extra property. So either we head in the direction of functionalist dualism, like David Chalmers, or we look for an alternative. My alternative is a monism in which the "Cartesian theater" does exist and can be identified with a single large quantum tensor factor somewhere
Torben70

Your model assumes a constant effect in each iteration. Is this justified?

I would envisage a constant chance of recovery and an asymptotically declining estimate of recovery. It seems more realistic, but maybe it's just me?

0Armok_GoB
It's a toy case, in reality the chance of recovery might be "0.2+0.3*estimate", but the same general reasoning applies and the end result is still regret of rationality.
Torben90

Interesting post throughout, but don't you overplay your hand a bit here?

There's nothing that looks remotely like a goal in its programming, [...]

An IF-THEN piece of code comparing a measured RGB value to a threshold value for firing the laser would look at least remotely like a goal to my mind.

1ShardPhoenix
Consider a robot where the B signal is amplified and transmitted directly to the laser (so brighter blue equals strong laser firing). This eliminates the conditional logic while still keeping approximately the same apparent goal.
Torben00

Well, moderate as in they don't have rule of law etc. What I meant to say was that even this level of capitalism has worked wonders in dragging hundreds of millions of people out of poverty. Contrary to decades of Western foreign aid.

Torben20

Every system ever devised consists of smart people telling the dumb ones what to do. Even in feudal society with hereditary rule, the thicker-than-brick kings were manipulated by smart barons and courtiers :-P

I'd venture capitalism less so than other systems. At least dumb people to some extent get what they want in capitalism. But of course, this is one aspect of nature that's very difficult to remedy and I worry that the cure is worse than the ailment

Caveat lector: I'm reading Atlas Shrugged right now.

Generalization from fictional evidence

I m... (read more)

Torben00

Sorry for jumping to conclusions.

I took "harness the capitalist system and the dumb people's desires in such a way that they can achieve their own desires" as a paternalistic statement.

1wedrifid
Nope, just Machiavellian. ;)
Torben30

Megan McArdle is often interesting on current economics http://www.theatlantic.com/megan-mcardle

Torben30

I'm sorry me message didn't come across clearly. I can see it's not phrased well.

I'm immensely skeptical of the notion that clever people are needed to tell dumb people what to do to achieve what they want; to "harness the capitalist system". Mostly because so-called smart people have multiple other flaws that mainly stem from their not participating in or acknowledging the marketplace.

Many (public/social) intellectuals have such poor understanding of basic issues of economics, psychology and evolution that their prescribed cures worsen the a... (read more)

0AlexM
Every system ever devised consists of smart people telling the dumb ones what to do. Even in feudal society with hereditary rule, the thicker-than-brick kings were manipulated by smart barons and courtiers :-P Generalization from fictional evidence
0wedrifid
You 'harness the capitalist system' by participating in it, selling stuff, acquiring resources and exchanging those resources to achieve your goals. (And those goals can be selfish, altruistic or as arbitrary and nonsensical as you please.) That is the position that I was "sure was not mine". I say the marketplace and the economic engine behind it are out there, ready and waiting to be exploited by anyone with the ambition and competence to do so. It is a tool which can be used to translate whatever comparative advantage you have into the most efficient goal-maximisation that you can manage.
Torben10

I'm tempted to write up a post setting out the rules in Richard Gabriel's book now that the Discussion forum can serve as a lower-pressure environment where people could post pieces specifically for the purpose of getting useful feedback on their writing.

Please do so.

0Morendil
Will do. I'm currently on vacation so that might not be until next month.
Torben10

It is up to the smart, ambitious and motivated to direct and harness the capitalist system and the dumb people's desires in such a way that they can achieve their own desires. Including those that happen to be altruistic.

You ignore that smart etc. people have to be able to distinguish between fuzzies and reality. Without a marketplace to weed out poor performers, this is wishful thinking.

I live in Europe...

-2wedrifid
I'm not sure what position you are arguing against but I am sure it is not mine. I live in Australia but am visiting Berkeley. I am not sure why this is relevant either.
Torben10

China should be the best example of what even moderate levels of capitalism can do.

The Communist bloc aren't know for their environmentally-friendly outcomes or even policies.

-2AlexM
If China is moderate capitalism, one shudders how would extreme one looks like...
-1Desrtopa
They're not, but I never said that Communism does well, only that Capitalism doesn't do as well as it's given credit for.
Torben20

I don't know.

Perhaps "freedom of speech" (or whatever variable to call it) is so tightly bundled with other variables -- most of all affluence -- that it's impossible to asses properly.

OTOH, if this bundling is evident across nations, cultures and time, it probably means that it truly is an important part of a net desirable society?

Torben40

I commend you for your amendment. Good for you, sir!

My second issue is, if you don't have any sort of nefarious intentions, what is motivating you to use the word ["queer"], instead of another one? Are you in a rap battle for the fate of the universe and you absolutely must complete the rhyme "drank a beer, jigger of rum//man that queer nigger was dumb"?

I rarely use such words, because it's difficult to get it right. But my libertarian side does not like people telling me what I can or can't say.

When I do use such words, it's most often to mock a racist/sexist/homophobic POV.

Torben40

Okay, I see your point.

I still believe there's a problem in using the word "hostility" since it's negatively connotated. Further, I think there's a big difference between doing something because of the offence it causes per se and doing it because you think the offence is harmful and want to reduce it. But it is a minor issue which probably won't bring us further by discussing much further.

Torben30

Maybe from the POV of the Muslims but not of the perpetrators.

Their (my) intent is not to do harm but to do good. For the Muslims by hopefully desensitizing them, enabling them to live in a modern, globalized, enlightened world. For the world by reducing the amount of political violence.

It's very difficult to see that for people mocking the Holocaust. How can they think they're improving the world?

0Emile
I feel we're talking past each other. What I'm saying (and Yvain is saying) is that if you categorize actions thatpeople find offensive in: A) Accidental offense (you didn't know someone would be offended) B) Indifferent offense (you know, but don't care, and do the action anyway) C) Deliberate offense (you do the action because you know someone will be offended) .. then "Everybody Draw Mohammed Day" falls under C), for the prepretator. That is a seperate issue from whether it's sometimes acceptable to deliberately offend people, or of how offensive various actions are.
Torben30

Libertarian white straight male here. "Our word" is the map, not the territory.

Everything is context and many people will fail miserably at using "nigger", "queer" etc. in even marginally appropriate contexts. Moreover, probably >99% of the time whites/straights use the words they're meant to be offensive. Which is all the more reason (for members of these groups) to avoid the use to avoid confusion.

However, that also includes members of said minorities who belive that from their merely being members of such groups they ... (read more)

8bgaesop
In the realm of social interaction, the territory you're navigating is made up of other people's maps. I'm not sure what you mean here. They do have extra sensibilities, in the sense that they're sensitive to things others aren't: you aren't hurt (or at least, not in the same way) by the words "nigger" or "queer", whereas they are. They do have extra rights, in the sense that, if they clearly present as queer, they can be more confident about being transparent in their motivations and intentions for using the word, and so can expect to be able to use it in more social situations without repercussions. I mostly agree with this. I see two problems with it. The first is that there are people who have had extremely negative experiences with the word in the past and thus hearing it from anyone, regardless of the intentions of the person saying it, would hurt them. But that's mostly been addressed by your point about transparency, and the rest is addressed by: No, I would not, excellent point. My second issue is, if you don't have any sort of nefarious intentions, what is motivating you to use the word, instead of another one? Are you in a rap battle for the fate of the universe and you absolutely must complete the rhyme "drank a beer, jigger of rum//man that queer nigger was dumb"? Keen observation. Upon reading all of this conversation and thinking about this for several days, I have amended my policy to be more or less the same as yours. I now do not have a problem with people using those words if I, and everyone else present, has a very clear idea of what the person's intentions are. Upon reflection I believe that this is the policy I was actually basing my reactions on, yet it was not the one I was vocalizing. I am now curious as to why I was vocalizing the policy I was. Perhaps to increase my status among the minority I'm a part of? Hmm. I'll be thinking about this for a while. ....aaaand someone just walked by my room yelling "you're a nigger! A double nigger
Torben00

Your intent seems unclear to me. The West has over the past couple hundred years loosened its restrictions on public speech regarding taboos -- on atheism, racial&sexual equality, etc. This has surely caused many people mental pain.

Was this course of events then morally wrong?

Should the debaters of yore have made sure their opponents had learned " the accompanying coping techniques — such as relaxation or imagery exercises" before proceeding towards our more pluralist world?

Torben00

Everybody would feel enraged by snide remarks regarding attempted genocide of one's ethnic group -- not least because it's very difficult not to perceive it as a veiled threat.

Not everybody would feel enraged by snide remarks of one's cultural/religious/philosophical inspiration -- not least because it's an obvious strategy for a utility monster.

1Emile
And? That doesn't change the fact that "everybody draw Mohammed day" falls in the category of hostility, not negligence or insensitivity.
Torben60

But how do I rationally make this computation without my own biases coming in?

One way is to try and compare similar countries where such offensiveness bans are enforced or not, and see which direction net migration is.

This may be difficult since countries without such bans will in all likely become more prosperous than those with them.

Another alternative might be comparing the same country before and after such laws, e.g. Pakistan.

2DanArmak
There are many other factors affecting migration. Is it possible to evaluate a single factor's direct influence?
4fburnaby
"Look at the world". Always a good answer! I have a bad head for history. Do you know of anyone who has done this for me, ala Jared Diamond, for the case of free speech? It seems like it may still be hard to find someone who is plausibly unbiased on such a topic.
Torben00

Mine too -- a bank.

We've launched a company-wide project to estimate the cost-benefit relationship of scanning all new documents vs. scanning all new + existing documents vs. continuing like now. Perhaps not surprisingly, scanning new documents but not old is the most cost-efficient. This obviously depends on how often one needs to retrieve the documents.

At my company, servers but not scanners exist, and many people already have two monitors.

Torben00

I second this request. I am good with names of politicians or actors, but terrible with people, I meet IRL.

Torben30

One crucial recommendation is to shave upwards from the bottom of your neck to the top. This takes a lot of getting used to and really gave me the willies at first, but it works much better and you miss a lot less hair.

Really? I have the exact opposite experience. I find that going against the grain, especially on the neck, gives me nicks and rashes.

After having experimented a lot, what works for me is wetshaving using any ol' shaving cream, multi-blade razor, going with the grain.

Since facial hair grows in different directions this means you have to ... (read more)

Torben00

That makes more sense than my reading, and is more likely what he meant.

Torben10

[...] you could prove that (A => B) and (B => C) and (C => D) and (D => F) Justice would nod its head and agree, but then, when you turned to claim your coup de grace, A => F irrevocably, Justice would demur and revoke the axiom of transitivity, for Justice will not be told when F stands for freedom.

I think Justice really, really should let emself be told when F stands for freedom. It seems to me Assange is more or less saying that he will follow logic steps only as far as they lead to a conclusion he likes. Am I the only one reading h... (read more)

0omslin
Since we overestimate the strength of conjunctions, transitive chains may be weaker than they appear. So unless the issue is entirely clear-cut, it's reasonable for people to fail to accept A => F. (Of course, it is true that ideally a rational person would at least consider A => F and adjust probabilities accordingly.) True. But it also sounds like the gathering of evidence using emotional tags. Direct evidence, in some areas, overwhelmingly beats a transitive chain. So although the evidence is not being gathered evenhandedly by Justice, there is a justification for this manner of thinking. I do think the "gathering [of] cushions to prop up a slumber" is adaptive and a fair representation of how people think. What I found interesting about this blog post is that a successful person, who has tried to persuade others of his political ideas, has identified models/strategies for persuasion which strongly mirror the LW posts I have read. I suppose there are far superior guides to persuasion with actual empirical evidence. Admittedly, those are more appropriate for Less Wrong. You people probably already find LW resonances in much of what you read anyway.
2Nornagest
It took me a while to figure this out, but Assange isn't talking about improving his own model of reality; by my reading he's more or less given up on that. He's talking about ways of convincing people that he's right, and accepts logic only in the service of that goal. Specifically, he's saying that reductionist arguments are unconvincing when trying to change minds, and that it works better to raise such a pedestal under the ultimate aim of your argument that your audience will do the hard work of building an inductive chain for you. From this I suspect that Assange hasn't recently spent much time trying to prove things to people that don't already think he's a rockstar. He describes a rather effective way of exploiting halo effects, but that only works when there's a halo to exploit: either Assange's personal halo (probably more likely), or one around a shared ideology or goal. Try that trick with someone that accepts neither, and they're more likely to laugh you off as a deluded hippie than to blithely construct an argument for you. The entire post leaves a bad taste in my mouth.
Torben80

I think that if SIAI were well constituted, donating to it would be much more cost effective than VillageReach.

For most realistic interest rates this statement would have made it more rational to put your previous traditional aid donation into a banking account for a year to see if your bet had come out -- and then donating to SIAI.

4multifoliaterose
I donate now using GiveWell to signal that I care about transparency and accountability to incentivize charities to improve.
Torben40

Are you familiar with the Hansonian view of signaling?

Torben30

Carbohydrates can be made from fat [...]

Not in animals including humans.

1JanetK
Yes, you are right. Carbohydrates can not be made from fat. Fatty acid are used to supply energy directly and not by being converted to carbohydrate first. Sorry to have been misleading. Thank you for the correction.
Torben00

Thank you all. It seems I perhaps haven't phrased my question the way I thought of it.

I don't doubt the validity of the proofs underlying Bayes' theorem, just as I don't doubt the validity of Euclidian geometry. The question is rather if BT/probability theory hinges on assumptions that may turn out not to be necessarily true for all possible worlds, geometries, curvatures, whatever. This turned out to be the case for Euclidian geometry, as it did for Zeno. They assumed features of the world which turned out not to be the case.

It may be that my question... (read more)

0Cyan
I think Kevin Van Horn's introduction to Cox's theorem (warning: pdf) is exactly what you're looking for. (If you read the article, please give me feedback on the correctness of my guess that it addresses your concern.)
0WrongBot
Bayes' Theorem assumes that it is meaningful to talk about subjective degrees of belief, but beyond that all you really need is basic arithmetic. I can't imagine a universe in which subjective degrees of belief aren't something that can be reasoned about, but that may be my failure and not reality's.
Torben30

In an argument with a philosopher, I used Bayesian updating as an argument. Guy's used to debating theists and was worried it wasn't bulletproof. Somewhat akin to how, say, the sum of angles of a triangle only equals 180 in Euclidian geometry.

My question: what are the fundamental assumptions of Bayes theorem in particular and probability theory in general? Are any of these assumptions immediate candidates for worry?

4satt
Bayes's theorem follows almost immediately from the ordinary definition of conditional probability, which I think is itself so reassuringly intuitive that no one who accepts the use of probabilities would worry about it (except perhaps in the corner case where the denominator's zero).
6cousin_it
If you're talking about math, Bayes' theorem is true and that's the end of that. If you're talking about degrees of belief that real people hold - especially if you want to convince your opponent to update in a specific direction because Bayes' theorem says so - I'd advise to use another strategy. Going meta like "you must be persuaded by these arguments because blah blah blah" gives you less bang per buck than upgrading the arguments.
5jimrandomh
Jaynes' book PT:LoS has a good chapter on this, where he derives Bayes' theorem from simple assumptions (use of numbers to represent plausibility, consistency between paths that compute the same value, continuity, and agreement with common sense qualitative reasoning). The assumptions are sound. Note that the validity of Bayes' theorem is a separate question from the validity of any particular set of prior probabilities, which is on much shakier ground.
Torben30

In the spreadsheet, Finland has GMT +2. Does Finland not observe daylight savings time? I thought Finland wasn't in the CET zone? If I'm correct, Finland should be GMT +3

2Risto_Saarelma
There is a separate DST column for daylight saving time adjustment. 1 in the DST column means the time zone needs to be adjusted with daylight saving time
Torben00

I'll join in. I have some vacation coming up, but no more than a week at a time. In Denmark (fat chance).

Torben10

Regarding Einstein, he made the statements before becoming super famous. I understand it as a case of signaling 'look over here!' And he is not particularly safe against errors. One of his last actions (which I have not fact checked sufficiently so far) was to write a foreword for a book debunking the movement of the continental plates.

I didn't intend to portray Einstein as bulletproof, but rather highlight his reasoning. Plus point to the idea of even locating the idea in idea space. Obviously, creationism is wrong, but less wrong than a random string. It at least manages to identify a problem and using cause and effect.

Torben30

One variable often invoked to explain happiness in Denmark (who regularly rank #1 for happiness) is modest expectations.

ETA: the above paper seems a bit tongue-in-cheek, but as I gather, the results are solid. Full disclosure: I'm from Denmark.

0MartinB
Awesome coincidence. I am going to travel to Denmark next week for 10 days. Will check it out myself!
Torben40

Agreed.

As the OP states, idea space is humongous. The fact alone that people comprehend something sufficiently to say anything about it at all means that this something is a) noteworthy enough to be picked up by our evolutionarily derived faculties by even a bad rationalist b) expressible by same faculties c) not immediately, obviously wrong

To sum up, the fact that someone claims something is weak evidence that it's true, cf. Einstein's Arrogance. If this someone is Einstein, the evidence is not so weak.

Edit: just to clarify, I think this evidence is ve... (read more)

0Alexandros
Thank you, this is what I was getting at.
1MartinB
I forgot the major influence of my own prior knowledge. (Which i guess holds true for everyone.) That makes the cases where I had a fixed opinion, and managed to change it all the more interesting. If you never dealt with an idea before you go where common sense or the experts lead you. But if you already have good knowledge, than public opinion should do nothing to your view. Public opinion or even experts (esp. when outside their field) often enough state opinions without comprehending the idea. So it doesnt really mean too much. Regarding Einstein, he made the statements before becoming super famous. I understand it as a case of signaling 'look over here!' And he is not particularly safe against errors. One of his last actions (which I have not fact checked sufficiently so far) was to write a foreword for a book debunking the movement of the continental plates.
Torben60

If all the members of a cult committed suicide then the local rate is 100%.

The most local rate that we so far know of is 15/400,000 which is 4x below baseline. If these 15 people worked at, say, the same plant of 1,000 workers you may have a point. But we don't know.

At this point there is nothing to explain.

5kodos96
Fair enough - my example was poorly thought out in retrospect. But I don't think it's correct that there's nothing to explain. If it's true that all 15 committed suicide by the same method - a fairly rare method frequently used by people who are trying to make a public statement with their death - then there seems to be something needing to be explained. As Fake Steve Jobs points out later in the cited article, if 15 employees of Walmart committed suicide within the span of a few months, all of them by way of jumping off the roof of their Walmart, wouldn't you think that was odd? Don't you think that would be more significant, and more deserving of an explanation, than the same 15 Walmart employees committing suicide in a variety of locations, by a variety of different methods? I'm not committing to any particular explanation here (Douglas Knight's suggestion, for one, sounds like a plausible explanation which doesn't involve any wrongdoing on Foxconn's part), I'm just saying that I do think there's "something to explain".
Torben10

Really? I may be lucky, but I have quite the opposite experience. Of course, I haven't signed up due to my place of residence but I have mentioned it to friends and family and they don't seem to think much about it.

Torben00

Sorry, inferential distance.

It seems to privilege the hypothesis to use the factoid of non-standardized DSM use to dismiss a relevant point based on best available evidence. Does Douglas_Knight have reason to believe such possible caveats with DSM use renders the point moot, because I consider it non-obvious that such a factoid completely abolishes Roko's argument?

It seems flawed to counter a specific finding with a fairly large effect with a general critique of the technique without evidence that this particular example is likely to be biased by it.

IOW, ... (read more)

-1RobinZ
Hullo? Edit: I don't see the relevance of "Leave a line of retreat" to Douglas_Knight's comment - I would like an explanation.
Torben50

I think it's easy for people to conflate "I did not consciously cause myself to have this emotion" with "I cannot consciously cause myself to not have this emotion".

I have little trouble with happiness, but some with sudden anger bouts. Trouble is, when I'm in one, I kinda like it and don't really want to get out of it.

Thanks to your series I'll try to consciously attack it next time.

1ChrisHibbert
Was it Yoda who said "There is no try, there is only do"? The point is Alicorn's point about making it a top priority. You may have meant to be this positive, but you didn't sound this positive.
Torben10

I've been trying to find the original post to explain why it allegedly is so very likely that we live in a simulation, but I've had little luck. Does anyone have a link handy?

8Cyan
Are you living in a computer simulation actually argues for a disjunction that includes "we are almost certainly living in a computer simulation" along with two other statements.
Torben00

Does our "solving it" in the present lead to its exacerbation in the future? How will Ethiopians manage to control their population? Will our aid today directly cause 20 million people to starve in 2050?

On your points:

  • Is it us westerners' or the Ethiopians' problem to solve? I mean they've so far made it ~2.5 times worse than We are the world.

  • At some point their birth rate will either have to equal their death rate (+ immigration) or their starvation will not be solvable by anyone or anything short of a Singularity.

The way I see it, the primary responsibility is on Ethiopians. We may alleviate, but we cannot cure.

Torben00

If your friend falls and breaks his leg, is that "self-inflicted"? Is it best to bring him to the hospital, or to leave him crying on the ground so he can learn something?

It seems that for some countries, falling accidentally is pandemic, while other countries rationally attempt to avoid it? Isn't this comment willfully ignoring the analogy denisbider was using?

Torben30

I was a bit surprised to hear that Ethiopia's population has doubled since the famine there in the 1980s. Where does it end?

Expected to double again by 2050.

I think it is a very fair point that by alleviating suffering today we may be compounding it in the future. A rebuttal might be that it is 'merely' a matter of doing the right thing today as well as in the future.

2brazil84
I see a couple problems with this: First, is it fair for us (meaning westerners) to leave a problem like this for our descendants to solve? Second, it seems that these poor folks are growing in numbers much faster than our numbers are growing. So the burden of feeding them may end up getting worse and worse until it's no longer possible. I suppose it might be argued in response that if and when the Singularity comes, we will be able to address these other problems. Still, I'm not sure it's fair to actually bet our descendants' futures on this.
Torben30

Presumably, Gamma and Omega have a less biased world-view in general and model of us specifically than non-trained humans do of elk. Humans have been known to be surprised at e.g. animal altruism directed at species members or humans.

I hope for the sake of all Omega-based arguments that Omega is assumed to be less biased than us.

Torben00

1%. I find the question ambiguous. Glial cells very likely have a major effect (I assume it's not part of the exercise to look it up).

This is discounting blood vessels and other necessary logistics.

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