Ceteris paribus, I'd choose the second theory since the process that generated it had strictly more information. Assume that the scientists would've generated the same theory given the same data, and the data in question are coin flips. The first scientist sees a random looking series of 10 coin flips with 5 heads and 5 tails and hypothesizes that they are generated by the random flips of a fair coin. We collect 10 more data points, and again we get 5 heads and 5 tails, the maximum likelihood result given the first theory. Now the second scientist sees the... (read more)
Ceteris paribus, I'd choose the second theory since the process that generated it had strictly more information. Assume that the scientists would've generated the same theory given the same data, and the data in question are coin flips. The first scientist sees a random looking series of 10 coin flips with 5 heads and 5 tails and hypothesizes that they are generated by the random flips of a fair coin. We collect 10 more data points, and again we get 5 heads and 5 tails, the maximum likelihood result given the first theory. Now the second scientist sees the... (read more)