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Eliezer Yudkowsky140

...aaaand that's why I don't go around discussing the danger paths until someone (who I can realistically influence) actually starts to advocate going down them. Plenty of idiots to take it as an instruction manual. So I discuss the safe path but make no particular advance effort to label the dangerous ones.

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by cousin_it
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In the early 1980s Douglas Lenat wrote EURISKO, a program Eliezer called "[maybe] the most sophisticated self-improving AI ever built". The program reportedly had some high-profile successes in various domains, like becoming world champion at a certain wargame or designing good integrated circuits.

Despite requests Lenat never released the source code. You can download an introductory paper: "Why AM and EURISKO appear to work" [PDF]. Honestly, reading it leaves a programmer still mystified about the internal workings of the AI: for example, what does the main loop look like? Researchers supposedly answered such questions in a more detailed publication, "EURISKO: A program that learns new heuristics and domain concepts." Artificial Intelligence (21): pp. 61-98. I couldn't find that paper available for download anywhere, and being in Russia I found it quite tricky to get a paper version. Maybe you Americans will have better luck with your local library? And to the best of my knowledge no one ever succeeded in (or even seriously tried) confirming Lenat's EURISKO results.

Today in 2009 this state of affairs looks laughable. A 30-year-old pivotal breakthrough in a large and important field... that never even got reproduced. What if it was a gigantic case of Clever Hans? How do you know? You're supposed to be a scientist, little one.

So my proposal to the LessWrong community: let's reimplement EURISKO!

We have some competent programmers here, don't we? We have open source tools and languages that weren't around in 1980. We can build an open source implementation available for all to play. In my book this counts as solid progress in the AI field.

Hell, I'd do it on my own if I had the goddamn paper.

Update: RichardKennaway has put Lenat's detailed papers up online, see the comments.

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15Eliezer Yudkowsky
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[-]Eliezer Yudkowsky150

This is a road that does not lead to Friendly AI, only to AGI. I doubt this has anything to do with Lenat's motives - but I'm glad the source code isn't published and I don't think you'd be doing a service to the human species by trying to reimplement it.

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9orthonormal
A stunning proof-of-concept for AI, with the source code lost to the mists of time; then immersion in an apparently massive dead-end project. Is anyone else worried that Lenat might secretly have a phase 3 to his plan?
1Eliezer Yudkowsky
Seems too obvious.
[-]orthonormal140

Exactly.

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6cousin_it
You may stop worrying for the moment. I just tried to wade through the papers RichardKennaway has put up, and it seems reimplementing EURISKO given Lenat's most detailed descriptions of it will likely be a big creative endeavor. Download them, read them and then tell me just one thing: do you now know (even approximately) what the main loop looks like, or not? Cause I couldn't make it out in half an hour's reading.
5Jonathan_Graehl
Are you really afraid that AI is so easy that it's a very short distance between "ooh, cool" and "oh, shit"?
[-]Eliezer Yudkowsky150

Depends how cool. I don't know the space of self-modifying programs very well. Anything cooler than anything that's been tried before, even marginally cooler, has a noticeable subjective probability of going to shit. I mean, if you kept on making it marginally cooler and cooler, it'd go to "oh, shit" one day after a sequence of "ooh, cools" and I don't know how long that sequence is.

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[-]Daniel_Burfoot110

I mean, if you kept on making it marginally cooler and cooler, it'd go to "oh, shit" one day after a sequence of "ooh, cools" and I don't know how long that sequence is.

This means we should feel pretty safe, since AI does not appear to be making even incremental progress.

Really, it's hard for anyone who is well-versed in the "state of the art" of AI to feel any kind of alarm about the possibility of an imminent FOOM. Take a look at this paper. Skim through the intro, note the long and complicated reinforcement learning algorithm, and check out the empirical results section. The test domain involves a monkey in a 5x5 playroom. There are some fun little complications, like a light switch and a bell. Note that these guys are top-class (Andrew Barto basically invented RL), and the paper was published at one of the top-tier machine learning conferences (NIPS), in 2005.

Call me a denier, but I just don't think the monkey is going to bust out of his playroom and take over the world. At least, not anytime soon.

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4AndrewH
Taking progress in AI to mean more real world effectiveness: Intelligence seems to have jumps in real world effectiveness, e.g. the brains of great apes and humans are very similar, the difference in effectiveness is obvious. So coming to the conclusion that we are fine based on the state of the art not being any more effective (not making progress) would be very dangerous. Perhaps tomorrow, some team of AI researchers will combine the current state of the art solutions in just the right way, resulting in a massive jump in real world effectiveness? maybe enough to have an "oh, shit" moment? Regardless of the time frame, if the AI community is working towards AGI rather than FAI, we will likely have (eventually) an AI go FOOM or at the very least, and "oh, shit" moment (I'm not sure if they are equivalent).
-4MugaSofer
Zing! Also, good point, but this post is designed produce such progress, is it not?
[-]loqi100

Does the specific distance even matter? UFAI vs FAI is zero sum, and we have no idea how long FAI will take us. Any progress toward AGI that isn't "matched" by progress toward FAI is regressive, even if AGI is still 100 years off.

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-1[anonymous]
I am.
4stcredzero
I just site Googled lesswrong.org and overcomingbias.com, and my best guess so far is that AGI = Artificial General Intelligence. (Augmented?) Is that what AGI stands for? Non site-specific google results are definitely not the applicable ones. Apparently it has been used as an abbreviation in this community for quite awhile, but finding out what it stands for takes a few jumps. (Should there be an easily found FAQ? One is not obvious here or on the wiki. Or is a certain degree of obscurity desired?)
6Vladimir_Nesov
It's Artificial general intelligence, I added a redirect and a stub page on the wiki.
6Psy-Kosh
Yeah, AGI would be Artificial General Intelligence, where the term "General" is to contrast it with much of current AI work which, well, isn't. ie, a human, for instance, can figure out how to play an instrument, do deep number theory, build an engine, etc etc etc etc...
3SilasBarta
Security By Obscurity: When you can't be bothered to implement a real solution!(tm)
3Eliezer Yudkowsky
And what, pray tell, does a "real solution" look like?
3SilasBarta
Seeing the recent thread necromancy, it looks like this is a much more important question than I realized at the time, since it bears on AI-related existential risk. The question, to summarize, was, "How exactly do you keep a good AGI prospect from being developed into unFriendly AGI, other than Security by Obscurity?" My answer is that SbO (Security by Obscurity, not Antimony(II) Oxide, which doesn't even exist) is not a solution here for the same reason it's criticized everywhere else (which I assume is that it increases the probability of a rogue outsmarting mainstream researchers). Better to let the good guys be as well informed as the bad guys so they can deploy countermeasures (their own AGI) when the bad guys develop theirs. But then, I haven't researched this 24/7 for the last several years, so this may be too trite a dismissal.
1loqi
Lazy question: Did you explain this in an OB post? I have a crappy mental index of the topics you covered, and Google didn't yield any immediate results, just an explanation of why Eurisko didn't foom. If not, I'd love to see a post explaining how you're extrapolating the Eurisko approach into something incompatible with FAI. Or are you just applying the general rule, "AGI that's not explicitly friendly is explicitly unfriendly"?
2thomblake
Yeah, he means that. "Please don't work on AGI until you've worked out FAI." ETA: read Eliezer's reply.
8Eliezer Yudkowsky
Not exactly, Thom. Roughly, for FAI you need precise self-modification. For precise self-modification, you need a precise theory of the intelligence doing the self-modification. To get to FAI you have to walk the road that leads to precise theories of intelligence - something like our present-day probability theory and decision theory, but more powerful and general and addressing issues these present theories don't. Eurisko is the road of self-modification done in an imprecise way, ad-hoc, throwing together whatever works until it gets smart enough to FOOM. This is a path that leads to shattered planets, if it were followed far enough. No, I'm not saying that Eurisko in particular is far enough, I'm saying that it's a first step along that path, not the FAI path.
4derekz
Perhaps a writeup of what you have discovered, or at least surmise, about walking that road would encourage bright young minds to work on those puzzles instead of reimplementing Eurisko. It's not immediately clear that studying and playing with specific toy self-referential systems won't lead to ideas that might apply to precise members of that class.
7Eliezer Yudkowsky
I've written up some of the concepts of precise self-modification, but need to collect the posts on a Wiki page on "lawfulness of intelligence" or something.
4Kevin
Any of these posts ever go up?
5Zack_M_Davis
Cf. "Lawful intelligence."
2Vladimir_Nesov
Well, in this sense computing is also a first step on that path, Moore's law of mad science and all. Eurisko in particular doesn't seem to deserve more mention than that.
3[anonymous]
Doesn't seem to deserve more mention than the creation of computing? Sure. But computing has already been created.
2derekz
Um, so has Eurisko.
7[anonymous]
...indeed. It seems that I failed to figure out just what I was arguing against. Let me re-make that point. As far as first steps along that path go, they have already been taken: we have gone from a world without computers to a world with one, and we can't reverse that. The logical place to focus our efforts would seem to be the next step which has not been taken, which could very well be reimplementing EURISKO. (Though it could also very well be running a neural net on a supercomputer or some guy making the video game "Operant Conditioning Hero".)
2steven0461
We have gone from a world without dictators to a world with one, and we can't reverse that. The logical place to focus our efforts would seem to be the next step which has not been taken, which could very well be resurrecting Hitler.
[-]thomblake100

Seriously? I did not think a discussion of Eurisko could be Godwinned. Bravo.

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0steven0461
While grandparent was probably a miscalculation of some sort, I feel that mentioning Hitler is more acceptable if the context is Nazi super science than outrage maximization.
0[anonymous]
Grandparent was probably a miscalculation of some sort, but I think mention of Hitler is acceptable if the context is Nazi super science rather than outrage maximization.
7Nominull
Resurrecting Hitler would probably teach us a lot about medicine, actually. If we can generalize the process by which we resurrect Hitler, we could save a lot of lives.
2[anonymous]
True, if resurrecting Hitler is a good idea and we can cause it to happen; if resurrecting Hitler is inevitable and we can ensure that he ends up being a good guy; or if resurrecting Hitler would be bad and we can prevent it from happening.
1John_Maxwell
Do you suppose that developing a FAI will require at least some experience trying whatever works? I don't know of any major computer programs that were written entirely before they were first compiled... Edit: I see SoullessAutomaton has written a very similar comment.
1SoullessAutomaton
But can we learn anything useful for a complete theory of intelligence based on something like EURISKO? Sure, it's an ad hoc, throw things at the wall and see what sticks approach--but so are our brains, and if something like EURISKO can show limited, non-foomy levels of optimization power it would at least provide another crappy data point other than vertebrate brains on how intelligence works.
1Vladimir_Nesov
I used to think it's useful to study ad-hoc attempts at AGI, but it now seems to me that knowledge of these chaotic things is both very likely a dead end, even for destroying the world, and of a wrong character to progress towards FAI.
5loqi
I think one of the factors that contributes to interest in ad-hoc techniques is the prospect of a "thrilling discovery". One is allowed to fantasize that all of their time and effort may pay off suddenly and unpredictably, which makes the research seem that much more fun and exciting. This is in contrast to a more formal approach in which understanding and progress are incremental by their very nature. I bring this up because I see it as a likely underlying motive for arguments of the form "ad-hoc technique X is worth pursuing even though it's not a formal approach".
8Annoyance
2Roko
Upvoted for alpha centuri reference. God I love that game!
0Vladimir_Nesov
No, it actually looks (just barely) feasible to get a FOOM out of something ad-hoc, and there are even good reasons for expecting that. But it doesn't seem to be on the way towards deeper understanding. The best to hope for is catching it right when the FOOMing is imminent and starting to do serious theory, but the path of blind experimentation doesn't seem to be the most optimal one even towards blind FOOM.
1Eliezer Yudkowsky
That doesn't contradict what logi said. It could still be a motive.
0Vladimir_Nesov
It could, but it won't be invalid motive, as I (maybe incorrectly) heard implied.
1loqi
I didn't mean to imply it was an invalid motive, merely a potential underlying motive. If it is valid in the sense that you mean (and I think it is), that's just reason to scrutinize such claims even more closely.
3SoullessAutomaton
What changed your mind?
6Vladimir_Nesov
Starting to seriously think about FAI and studying more rigorous system modeling techniques/theories changed my mind. There seems to be very little overlap between wild intuitions of ad-hoc AGI and technical challenges of careful inference/simulation or philosophical issues with formalizing decision theories for intelligence on overdrive. Some of the intuitions from thinking about ad-hoc seem to carry over, but it's just that: intuitions, and understanding of approaches to more careful modeling, even if they are applicable only on "toy" applications, gives deeper insight than knowledge of a dozen "real projects". Intuitions gained from ad-hoc do apply, but only as naive clumsy caricatures.
0JulianMorrison
Ad hoc AI is like ad hoc aircraft design. It flaps, it's got wings, it has to fly, right? If we keep trying stuff, we'll stumble across a wing that works. Maybe it's the feathers?
3randallsquared
Since such aircraft design actually worked, and produced aeroplanes before pure theory-based design, perhaps it's not the best analogy. [Edit: Unless that was your point]
2Vladimir_Nesov
There are multiple concepts in the potential of ad-hoc. There is Strong AI, Good AI (Strong AI that has a positive effect), and Useful AI (Strong AI that can be used as a prototype or inspiration for Good AI, but can go Paperclip maximizer if allowed to grow). These concepts can be believed to be in quite different relations to each other. Your irony states that there is no potential for any Strong AI in ad-hoc. Given that stupid evolution managed to get there, I think that with enough brute force of technology it's quite feasible to get to Strong AI via this road. Many reckless people working on AGI think that Strong AI is likely to also be a Good AI. My previous position was that ad-hoc gives a good chance (in the near future) for Strong AI that is likely a Useful AI, but unlikely a Good AI. My current position is that ad-hoc has a small but decent chance (in the near future) for Strong AI, that is unlikely to be either Useful AI or Good AI.
0JulianMorrison
BTW, none of the above classifications are "friendly".
0Vladimir_Nesov
Good AI is a category containing Friendly AI, that doesn't require the outcome to be precisely right. This separates more elaborated concept of Friendly AI from an informal concept (requirement) of good outcome. I believe the concepts are much more close than it seems, that is it's hard to construct an AI that is not precisely Friendly, but still Good.
2JulianMorrison
FAI is about being reliably harmless. Whether the outcome seems good in the short term is tangential. Even a "good" AI ought to be considered unfriendly if it's opaque to proof - what can you possibly rely upon? No amount of demonstrated good behavior can be trusted. It could be insincere, it could be sincere but fatally misguided, it could have a flaw that will distort its goals after a few recursions. We would be stupid to just run it and see.
0Vladimir_Nesov
At which point you are starting to think of what it takes to make not just informally "Good" AI, but an actually Friendly AI.
0thomblake
Right. That's what I had in mind, though I didn't state it explicitly. It's what I meant by 'worked out'. It's clear that you want these things worked out formally, as strong as being provably friendly. I'm still skeptical on the world-destroying. My money's on chaos to FOOM. Dynamism FTW. But then, I think AGI will come from robots.
0[anonymous]
Why are you still thinking it has any potential? (Assuming it doesn't, the above comment sounds ridiculous.)
0[anonymous]
Does this imply that you think there's a significant risk of EURISKO recursively self-improving, or do you discourage it for other reasons?
-1gRR
What if its domain is restricted to math and self-modification? Then, if it fooms, it will be a safe math Oracle, possibly even provably safe. Then it would be a huge help in the road to FAI, both directly and as a case study.
0Houshalter
It may very well be possible to build such an AI. However there are several issues with it: * The AI can be adapted for other, less restricted, domains if knowledge on how it works spreads. There would be a large incentive to since such an oracle would only be of limited utility. * The AI adds code that will evolve into another AI into it's output. It's remotely possible, depending on what kind of problems you have it working on. If you were using it to design more efficient algorithms, in some cases an AI of some form might be the optimal solution. Even if you 100% trust the AI to provide the optimal output, you can't trust that the optimal output to the problem you've specified is what you actually want. * The AI could self-modify incorrectly and result in unfriendly AI. In order to be provably friendly/restricted, it would have to be 100% certain of any modification. That's a very tall order, especially in AI where everything has to be approximations or probabilistic. * It might not be as safe as you think it is. The AI runs some code and gets an unexpected result. Possibly because of a bug in the environment itself. Look up how difficult it is to sandbox untrusted code and you will get some appreciation for how a superintelligence could figure a way out of it's box. But it can't do anything with any exploits it finds because it is restricted to hard-coded axioms? Well, maybe. If it's using probabilities and some form of machine learning, it might be able to learn that "executing this code give me this result" and then learn to take advantage of that. I don't believe that a system can work only in formal proofs. However I might be completely wrong about this one, it's just a thought.
0gRR
That the ideas from a safe AI can be used to build an unsafe AI is a general argument against working on (or even talking about) any kind of AI whatsoever. The output is to contain only proofs of theorems. Specifically, a proof (or refutation) of the theorem in the input. The state of the system is to be reset after each run so as to not accumulate information. Any correct or incorrect self-modification is still restricted to the math domain, and so cannot result in an unsafe AI. Guarding against software bugs is easy in this case. You design an abstract virtual machine environment for the AI, then design the software that implements this environment, then formally prove that the software is correct. Guarding against errors caused by cosmic rays is also easy. You estimate the probability of such an error, and then add redundancy until the probability is so low that it won't happen until the end of the universe. Sandboxing untrusted code is easy. The difficult thing is sandboxing it while making it think that it runs normally. This is irrelevant here. It is quite probable that a "pure math Oracle" system cannot work. The point was, it can be made safe to try.
-2rwallace
As we see here, the important difference between flying saucers and Unfriendly AI is that the latter belief is not harmless. Eliezer, I know you're not expecting your efforts in spreading parasite memes to result in snuffing out the future of intelligent life in the universe, but I will ask you to consider the possibility that you may be mistaken.
7loqi
I notice you phrased this in terms of belief. I'm curious, what would you consider to be the minimum estimate of UFAI's probability necessary to "reasonably" motivate concern or action?
0rwallace
If I'm right, the effect of widespread propagation of such memes will be to snuff out what chance of survival and success humanity might have had. Unlike UFAI which is pure science fiction, the strangling of progress is something that occurs - has occurred before - in real life. What would you consider to be the minimum estimate of the probability that I'm right, necessary to "reasonably" motivate concern or action?
1loqi
I'm not quite sure what "you being right" means here. Your thesis is that propagating the UFAI meme will suppress scientific and technological progress such as to contribute non-negligibly to our destruction? I'm afraid I don't have much background on how that's supposed to work. If you can explain what you mean or point me to an existing explanation, I'll try and give you an answer, rather than reactively throwing your question back at you.
8rwallace
Basically yes. Civilizations, species and worlds are mortal; there are rare long-lived species whose environment has remained unchanged for long periods of time, but the environment in which we evolved is long gone and our current one is not merely not stable, it is not even in equilibrium. And as long as we remain confined to one little planet running off a dwindling resource base and with everyone in weapon range of everyone else, there is nothing good about our long-term prospects. (For a fictional but eloquent discussion of some of the issues involved, see Permanence by Karl Schroeder.) To change that, we need more advanced technology, for which we need software tools smart enough to help us deal with complexity. If our best minds start buying into the UFAI meme and turning away from building anything more ambitious than a social networking mashup, we may simply waste whatever chance we had. That is why UFAI belief is not as its proponents would have it the road of safety, but the road of oblivion.
2loqi
rhollerith raised some reasonable objections to this response that I'd like to see answered, but I'll try and answer your question without that information: As as far as concern goes, I think my threshold for concern over your proposition is identical to my threshold for concern over UFAI, as they postulate similar results (UFAI still seems marginally worse due to the chance of destroying intelligent alien life, but I'll write this off as entirely negligible for the current discussion). I'd say 1:10,000 is a reasonable threshold for concern of the vocalized form, "hey, is anyone looking into this?" I'd love to see some more concrete discussion on this. "Action" in your scenario is complicated by its direct opposition to acceptance of UFAI, so I can only give you some rough constraints. To simplify, I'll assume all risks allow equally effective action to compensate for them, even though this is clearly not the case. Let R = the scenario you've described, E = the scenario in which UFAI is a credible threat. "R and E" could be described as "damned if we do, damned if we don't", in which case action is basically futile, so I'll consider the case where R and E are disjoint. In that case, action would only be justifiable if p(R) > p(E). My intuition says that such justification is proportional to p(R) - p(E), but I'd prefer more clarity in this step. So that's a rough answer... if T is my threshold probability for action in the face of existential risk, T (p(R) - p(E)) is my threshold for action on your scenario. If R and E aren't disjoint, it looks something like T (p(R and ~E) - p(E and ~R)).
0rwallace
A fair answer, thanks. Though I'm not convinced "R and E" necessarily means "damned either way". If I believed E in addition to R, I think what I would do is: Forget about memetics in either direction as likely to do more harm than good, and concentrate all available resources on developing Friendly AI as reliably and quickly as possible. However, provably Friendly AI is still not possible with 2009 vintage tools. So I'd do it in stages, a series of self improving AIs, the early ones with low intelligence and crude Friendliness architecture, using them to develop better Friendliness architecture in tandem with increasing intelligence for the later ones. No guarantees, but if recursive self-improvement actually worked, I think that approach would have a reasonable chance of success.
2rhollerith
rwallace has been arguing the position that AI researchers are too concerned (or will become too concerned) about the existential risk from UFAI. He writes that rwallace: can we deal with complexity sufficiently well without new software that engages in strongly-recursive self-improvement? Without new AGI software? One part of the risk that rwallace says outweighs the risk of UFAI is that The only response rwallace suggests to that risk is rwallace: please give your reasoning for how more advanced technology decreases the existential risk posed by weapons more than it increases it. Another part of the risk that rwallace says outweighs the risk of UFAI is that Please explain how dwindling resources presents a significant existential risk. I can come up with several argument, but I'd like to see the one or two you consider the strongest arguments.
2whpearson
If we have uploads we can get off the planet and stay in space for a fraction of the resources it currently costs to do manned space flight. We can spread ourselves between the stars. But an upload might go foom, so we should stop all upload research. It is this kind of conundrum I see humanity in at the moment.
2rwallace
I agree, and will add: First, an upload isn't going to "go foom": a digital substrate doesn't magically confer superpowers, and early uploads will likely be less powerful than their biological counterparts in several ways. Second, stopping upload research is not the path of safety, because ultimately we must advance or die.
0[anonymous]
Foom is about rate of power increase, not initial power level. Copy/paste isn't everything, but still a pretty good superpower. It's not at all obvious to me that the increased risk of stagnation death outweighs the reduced risk of foom death.
1rwallace
You can't copy paste hardware; and no, an upload won't be able to run on a botnet. Not to mention the bizarre assumption that an uploading patient will turn into a comic book villain whose sole purpose is to conquer the world.
-3MugaSofer
Source? Upvoted for this.
-2MugaSofer
You know, I don't think I've ever seen someone argue that. Does anyone have any links?
1rwallace
I've written a more detailed explanation of why recursive self-improvement is a figment of our imaginations: http://code.google.com/p/ayane/wiki/RecursiveSelfImprovement
4orthonormal
Your third point is valid, but your first is basically wrong; our environments occupy a small and extremely regular subset of the possibility space, so that success on a certain few tasks seems to correlate extremely well with predicted success across plausible future domains. Measuring success on these tasks is something AIs can easily do; EURISKO accomplished it in fits and starts. More generally, intelligence isn't magical: if there's any way we can tell whether a change in an AGI represents a bug or an improvement, then there's an algorithm that an AI can run to do the same. As for the second problem, one idea that may not have occurred to you is that an AI could write a future version of itself, bug-check and test out various subsystems and perhaps even the entire thing on a virtual machine first, and then shut itself down and start up the successor. If there's a way for Lenat to see that EURISKO isn't working properly and then fix it, then there's a way for AI (version N) to see that AI (version N+1) isn't working properly and fix it before making the change-over.
1whpearson
In those posts you are arguing something different from what I was talking about. Sure chimps will never make better technology than humans, but sometimes making more advanced clever technology is not what you want to do and be positively detrimental to your chances of shaping the world to a desirable state. The arms race for nuclear weapons for example or bio-weapons research. If humans manage to invent a virus that wipes us out, would you still call that intelligent? If so it is not that sort of intelligence we need to create... we need to create things that win in the end, not have short term wins and then destroy itself.
0asciilifeform
Super-plagues and other doomsday tools are possible with current technology. Effective countermeasures are not. Ergo, we need more intelligence, ASAP.
0rwallace
"More generally, intelligence isn't magical: if there's any way we can tell whether a change in an AGI represents a bug or an improvement, then there's an algorithm that an AI can run to do the same." Except that we don't - can't - do it by pure armchair thought, which is what the recursive self-improvement proposal amounts to. The approach of testing a new version in a sandbox had occurred to me, and I agree it is a very promising one for many things - but recursive self-improvement isn't among them! Consider, what's the primary capability for which version N+1 is being tested? Why, the ability to create version N+2... which involves testing N+2... which involves creating N+3... etc.
2orthonormal
Again, there's enough correlation between ability to perform certain tasks that you don't need an infinite recursion. To test AIv(N+1)'s ability to program to exact specification, instead of having it program AIv(N+2) have it instead program some other things that AIvN finds difficult (but whose solutions are within AIvN's power to verify). That we will be applying AIv(N+1)'s precision programming to itself doesn't mean we can't test it on non-recursive data first. ETA: Of course, since we want the end result to be a superintelligence, AIvN might also ask AIv(N+1) for verifiable insight into an array of puzzling questions, some of which AIvN can't figure out but suspects are tractable with increased intelligence.
1Vladimir_Nesov
If you observed something to work 15 times, how do you know that it'll work 16th time? You obtain a model of increasing precision with each test, that lets you predict what happens next, on a test you haven't performed yet. The same way, you can try to predict what happens on the first try, before any observations took place. Another point is that testing can be a part of the final product: instead of building a working gizmo, you build a generic self-testing adaptive gizmo that finds the right parameters itself, and that is pre-designed to do that in the most optimal way.
-2asciilifeform
Where is the evidence that EURISKO ever accomplished anything? No one but the author has seen the source code.
4loqi
On the subject of self-improving AI, you say: Keep the bolded context in mind. There are large classes of problem for which this is not the case. For example, "make accurate predictions about future sensory data based on past sensory data" relates program to world, but optimizing for this task is a property of the time, memory, and accuracy trade-offs involved. At the very least, your objection fails to apply "even in principle". This depends on the definition of "qualitatively improve". It seems Eurisko improved itself in important ways that Lenat couldn't have done by hand, so I think this too fails the "even in principle" test. This seems the most reasonable objection of the three. Interestingly enough, Eliezer claims it's this very difference that makes self-improving AI unique. I think this also fails to apply universally, for somewhat more subtle reasons involving the nature of software. A self-improving AI possessing precise specifications of its components has no need for a constant lower layer of architecture (except if you mean the hardware, which is a very different question). The Curry-Howard isomorphism offers a proof-of-concept here: An AI composed of precise logical propositions can arbitrarily rewrite its proofs/programs with any other program of an equivalent type. If you can offer a good argument for why this is impossible in principle, I'd be interested in hearing it.
2rwallace
"It seems Eurisko improved itself in important ways that Lenat couldn't have done by hand" As far as I can see, the only self improvements it came up with were fairly trivial ones that Lenat could easily have done by hand. Where it came up with important improvements that Lenat wouldn't have thought of by himself was in the Traveler game - a simple formal puzzle, fully captured by a set of rules that were coded into the program, making the result a success in machine learning but not self-improvement. "The Curry-Howard isomorphism offers a proof-of-concept here" Indeed this approach shows promise, and is the area I'm currently working on. For example if you can formally specify an indexing algorithm, you are free to look for optimized versions provided you can formally prove they meet the specification. If we can make practical tools based on this idea, we could make software engineering significantly more productive. But this can only be part of the story. Consider the requirement that a program have an intuitive user interface. We have nothing remotely approaching the ability to formally specify this, nor could an AI ever come up with such by pure introspection because it depends on entities that are not part of the AI. Nor, obviously, is a formal specification of human psychology the kind of thing that would ever be approached accidentally by experimentation with Eurisko-style programs as was the original topic. And if the science of some future century - that would need to be to today's science as the latter is to witchcraft - ever does manage to accomplish such, why then, that would be the key to enabling the development of provably Friendly AI.
1loqi
...And applied these improvements to the subsequent modified set of rules. "That was machine learning, not self-improvement" sounds like a fully general counter-argument, especially considering your skepticism toward the very idea of self-improvement. Perhaps you can clarify the distinction? An AI is allowed to learn from its environment, no one's claiming it will simply meditate on the nature of being and then take over the universe. That said, this example has nothing to do with UFAI. A paperclip maximizer has no need for an intuitive user interface. Indeed! Sadly, such a specification is not required to interact with and modify one's environment. Humans were killing chimpanzees with stone tools long before they even possessed the concept of "psychology".
3rwallace
"Perhaps you can clarify the distinction?" I'll call it self improvement when a substantial, nontrivial body of code is automatically developed, that is applicable to domains other than gameplaying, as opposed to playing a slightly different version of the same game. (Note that it was substantially the same strategy that won the second time as the first time, despite the rules changes.) "A paperclip maximizer has no need for an intuitive user interface." True if you're talking about something like Galactus that begins the story already possessing the ability to eat planets. However, UFAI believers often talk about paperclip maximizers being able to get past firewalls etc. by verbal persuasion of human operators. That certainly isn't going to happen without a comprehensive theory of human psychology.
-3rwallace
rhollerith: "Strongly-recursive self-improvement" is a figment of the imagination; among the logical errors involved is confusion between properties of a program and properties of the world. As for the rest: do you believe humanity can survive permanently as we are now, confined to this planet? If you do, then I will point you to the geological evidence to the contrary. If not, then it follows that without more advanced technology, we are dead. Neither I nor anybody else can know what will be the proximate cause of death for the last individual, or in what century, but certain extinction is certain extinction nonetheless.
5rhollerith
Let us briefly review the discussion up to now since many readers use the the comments page which does not provide much context. rwallace has been arguing that AI researchers are too concerned (or will become too concerned) about the existential risk from reimplementing EURISKO and things like that. You have mentioned two or three times, rwallace, that without more advanced technology, humans will eventually go extinct. (I quote one of those 2 or 3 mentions below.) You mention that to create and to manage that future advanced technology, civilization will need better tools to manage complexity. Well, I see one possible objection to your argument right there, in that better science and better technology might well decrease the complexity of the cultural information humans are required to keep on top of. Consider that once Newton gave our civilization a correct theory of dynamics, almost all of the books written before Newton on dynamics could safely be thrown away (the exceptions being books by Descartes and Galileo that help people understand Newton and put Newton in historical context) which of course constitutes a net reduction in the complexity of the cultural information that our civilization has to keep on top of. (If it does not seem like a reduction, that is because the possession of Newtonian dynamical theory made our civilization more ambitious about what goals to try for.) But please explain to me what your argument has to do with EURISKO and things like that: is it your position that the complexity of future human culture can be managed only with better AGI software? And do you maintain that that software cannot be developed fast enough by AGI researchers such as Eliezer who are being very careful about existential risks? In general, the things you argue are dangerous are slow dangers. You yourself refer to "geological evidence" which suggests that they are dangerous on geological timescales. In contrast, research into certain areas of AI seems to me
3rwallace
Reduction in complexity is at least conceivable, I'll grant. For example if someone invented a zero point energy generator with the cost and form factor of an AA battery, much of the complexity associated with the energy industry could disappear. But this seems highly unlikely. All the current evidence suggests the contrary: the breakthroughs that will be necessary and possible in the coming century will be precisely those of complex systems (in both senses of the term). Human level AGI in the near future is indeed neither necessary nor possible. But there is a vast gap between that and what we have today, and we will, yes, need to fill some of that gap. Perhaps a key breakthrough would have come from a young researcher who would have re-implemented Eurisko and from the experiment acquired a critical jump in understanding - and who has now quietly left, thinking Eurisko might blow up the world, to reconsider that job offer from Electronic Arts. I do disagree that AGI research is a fast danger. I will grant you that there is a sense in which the dangers I am worried about are slow ones - barring unlikely events like a large asteroid impact (which is likely only over longer time scales), I'm confident humanity will still exist 100 years from now. But our window of opportunity may not. Consider that civilizations are mortal, for reasons unrelated to this conversation. Consider that environments conducive to scientific progress are even considerably rarer and more transient than civilization itself. Consider also that the environment in which our civilization arose is gone, and is not coming back. (For the simplest example, while fossil fuels still exist, the easily accessible deposits thereof, so important for bootstrapping, are largely gone.) I think it quite possible that the 21st-century may be the last hard step in the Great Filter, that by the year 2100 the ultimate fate of humanity may in fact have been decided, even if nobody on that date yet knows it. I can
4loqi
One problem with this argument is how conjunctive it is: "(A) Progress crucially depends on breakthroughs in complexity management and (B) strong recursive self-improvement is impossible and (C) near-future human level AGI is neither dangerous nor possible but (D) someone working on it is crucial for said complexity management breakthroughs and (E) they're dissuaded by friendliness concerns and (F) our scientific window of opportunity is small." My back-of-the-envelope, generous probabilities: A. 0.5, this is a pretty strong requirement. B. 0.9, for simplicity, giving your speculation the benefit of the doubt. C. 0.9, same. D. 0.1, a genuine problem of this magnitude is going to attract a lot of diverse talent. E. 0.01, this is the most demanding element of the scenario, that the UFAI meme itself will crucially disrupt progress. F. 0.05, this would represent a large break from our current form of steady scientific progress, and I haven't yet seen much evidence that it's terribly likely. That product comes out to roughly 1:50,000. I'm guessing you think the actual figure is higher, and expect you'll contest those specific numbers, but would you agree that I've fairly characterized the structure of your objection to FAI?
-4MugaSofer
Neither is a belief in flying saucers, taken seriously, for most values of "harmless". To be clear, you are saying that you consider spontaneous FAI overwhelmingly likely, and thus consider any failure to promote FOOMing both a humanitarian catastrophe and a gateway to other existential risks? Because that seems like a claim worth proving.
-4CannibalSmith
You just made me want to participate even more!
[-]Eliezer Yudkowsky140

...aaaand that's why I don't go around discussing the danger paths until someone (who I can realistically influence) actually starts to advocate going down them. Plenty of idiots to take it as an instruction manual. So I discuss the safe path but make no particular advance effort to label the dangerous ones.

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-8asciilifeform
[-]Richard_Kennaway140

The journal's web site is here, from where I've just downloaded a copy of the paper. I don't know if it's freely available (my university has a subscription), but if anyone wants it and can't get it from the web site, send me an email address to send it to. (EDIT: Now online, see my later comment.)

The paper describes itself as the third in a series, of which the first appeared in the same journal, volume 19, pp.189-249 (also downloaded). The second is in a volume called "Machine Learning", which you can find here, but I haven't checked if the whole book is accessible. (EDIT: sorry, wrong reference, see later comment.)

Personally, I'm deeply sceptical of all work that has ever been done on AI (including the rebranding as AGI), which is why I consider Friendly AI to be a real but remote problem. However, I've no interest in raining on everyone else's parade. If you think you can make it work, go for it!

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1HalFinney
Isn't the second paper in the series the one immediately before the Eurisko paper, "Theory formation by heuristic search: The nature of heuristics II: Background and examples" by Lenat, volume 21, page 31? Can you download that one?
9Richard_Kennaway
Yes, it is, my mistake. I now have all three papers. I've temporarily put them up in the directory here, a URL to which you will have to add lenatN.pdf for N = 1, 2, or 3. (I'm avoiding posting the complete URL so that Google won't find them.)
3SilasBarta
I'd like to echo cousin_it's thanks, I downloaded them as well. I haven't gotten to read much yet, but I've also run into the problem he's mentioned with theoretical computer science papers being too vague to write code, let alone include it. (Marcus Hutter and Juergen Schmidhuber, I'm looking in your general direction here.)
[-]Eliezer Yudkowsky140

You're having trouble figuring out how to implement AIXI? I saw Marcus write it out as one equation. Perfectly clear what the main loop looks like. All you need is an infinitely fast computer and a halting oracle.

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[-]SoullessAutomaton110

All you need is an infinitely fast computer and a halting oracle.

Couldn't you implement a halting oracle given an infinitely fast computer, though?

So, that's one requirement down! We'll have this AIXI thing built any day now.

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2SilasBarta
+5? Yikes! People, it's clear Eliezer_Yudkowsky is joking. There are no infinitely fast computers or halting oracles, and an equation is not the same thing as code, let alone pseudocode. In any case, AIXI isn't my main complaint in that department. I'm thinking more of Hutter's fastest shortest algorithm for everything and AIXI-tl; and Schmidhuber's provably globally optimal Goedel machines, speed prior, and ordered optimal problem solver Toy implementations anytime, guys?
9orthonormal
I think that most upvoters got the joke...
0cousin_it
Richard, thanks a lot! Downloaded all three articles. (No, ScienceDirect doesn't let me download them - the link says "Purchase PDF".) First surface impression: none of the three papers are as specific as I'd like. After a skim I still have no idea how EURISKO's main loop would look in pseudocode. Will try reading closer.
1Vladimir_Nesov
Are you this Richard Kennaway? (You gave no apparent contact info.)
2Cyan
Presumably he meant LW's direct messaging, which you can use by clicking on the little envelope under your karma score to get to your inbox, and then clicking 'compose'.
1Richard_Kennaway
Yes. Almost all Google hits for "Richard Kennaway" are for me. (Number 2 by a long way is a political scientist in New Zealand.)
1thomblake
That's a funny parallel to my own situation. Most hits on the first few pages of Google for "Thom Blake" are me, but the runner-up is a historian from Australia.
[-]akkartik130

One of my professors at UT reimplemented AM many years ago. I dusted it off and got it to compile with GNU prolog last christmas. Never got around to doing anything with it, though.

http://github.com/akkartik/am-utexas/tree/master

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[-]Кирилл Фролов110

The source for Doug Lenat's legendary EURISKO program has at long last been found and can now be run using Medley Interlisp.

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[-]asciilifeform100

I have located a paper describing Lenat's "Representation Language Language", in which he wrote Eurisko. Since no one has brought it up in this thread, I will assume that it is not well-known, and may be of interest to Eurisko-resurrection enthusiasts. It appears that a somewhat more detailed report on RLL is floating around public archives; I have not yet been able to track down a copy.

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[-]Richard_Kennaway70

I have found Haase's thesis online. Would it be irresponsible of me to post the link here? (It is not actually hard to find.)

ETA: How concerned should we be that DARPA is going full steam ahead for strong AI? Perhaps not very much, given the failure of at least two of their projects along these lines:

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3outlawpoet
There are a number of DARPA and IARPA projects we pay attention to, but I'd largely agree that their approaches and basic organization makes them much less worrying. They tend towards large, bureaucratically hamstrung projects, like PAL, which the last time I looked included work and funding for teams at seven different universities, or they suffer from extreme narrow focus, like their intelligent communication initiatives, which went from being about adaptive routing via deep introspection of multimedia communication and intelligent networks, to just being software radios and error correction. They're worth keeping any eye on mostly because they have the money to fund any number of approaches, and often in long periods. But the biggest danger isn't their funded, stated goals, it's the possibility of someone going off-target, and working on generic AI in the hopes of increasing their funding or scope in the next evaluation, which could be a year or more later.
[-]Richard_Kennaway70

I've just been Googling to see what became of EURISKO. The results are baffling. Despite its success in its time, there has been essentially no followup, and it has hardly been cited in the last ten years. Ken Haase claims improvements on EURISKO, but Eliezer disagrees; at any rate, the paper is vague and I cannot find Haase's thesis online. But if EURISKO is a dead end, I haven't found anything arguing that either.

Perhaps in a future where Friendly AI was achieved, emissaries are being/will be sent back in time to prevent any premature discovery of the key insights necessary for strong AI.

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5pjeby
Hm, the abstract for that paper mentions that: This is a really interesting point; it seems related to the idea that to be an expert in something, you need a vocabulary close to the domain in question. It also immediately raises the question of what the expert vocabulary of vocabulary formation/acquisition is, i.e. the domain of learning.
2SilasBarta
It doesn't seem that interesting to me: it's just a restatement that "data compression = data prediction". When you have a vocabulary "close to the domain" that simply means that common concepts are compactly expressed. Once you've maximally compressed a domain, you have discovered all regularities, and simply outputting a short random string will decompress into something useful. How do you find which concepts are common and how do you represent them? Aye, there's the rub. So my guess would be that the expert vocabulary of vocabulary formation is the vocabulary of data compression. I don't know how to make any use of that, though, because the No Free Lunch Theorems seem to say that there's no general algorithm that is the best across all domains And so there's no algorithmic way to find which is the best compressor for this universe. (ETA: multiple quick edits)
0Daniel_Burfoot
I'm not so sure about this. I am pretty good at understanding visual reality, and I have some words to describe various objects, but my vocabulary is nowhere near as rich as my understanding is (of course, I'm only claiming to be an average member of a race of fantastically powerful interpreters of visual reality). Let me give you an example. Say you had two pictures of faces of two different people, but the people look alike and the pictures were taken under similar conditions. Now a blind person, who happens to be a Matlab hacker, asks you to explain how you know the pictures are of different people, presumably by making reference to the pixel statistics of certain image regions (which the blind person can verify with Matlab). Is your face recognition vocabulary up to this challenge?
5Cyan
I think "vocabulary" in this sense refers to the vocabulary of the bits doing the actual processing. Humans don't have access to the "vocabulary" of their fusiform gyruses, only the result of its computations.
3SoullessAutomaton
The most sensible explanation has, I think been mentioned previously: that EURISKO was both overhyped and a dead end. Perhaps the techniques it used fell apart rapidly in less rigid domains than rule-based wargaming, and perhaps its successes were very heavily guided by Lenat. It's somewhat telling that Lenat, the only one who really knows how it worked, went off to do something completely different from EURISKO. In this regard, one could consider something like EURISKO not as a successful AI, but as a successful cognitive assistant for someone working in a mostly unexplored rule-based system. Recall the results that AM, EURISKO's predecessor, got--if memory serves me, it rediscovered a lot of mathematical principles, none of them novel, but duplicating mostly from scratch results that took many years and many mathematicians to find originally. Not that I'm certain this is the case by a long shot, but it seems the most superficially plausible explanation.
0ChrisHibbert
From what I remember of the papers, it was pretty clear (though perhaps not stated explicitly) that AM "happened across" many interesting factoids about math, but it was Lenat's intervention that declared them important and worth further study. I think your second paragraph implies this, but I wanted it to be explicit. A reasonable interpretation of AM's success was that Lenat was able to recognize many important mathematical truths in AM's meanderings. Lenat never claimed any new discoveries on behalf of AM.
7Cyan
Lenat was also careful to note that AM's success, such as it was, was very much due to the fact that LISP's "vocabulary" started with a strong relation to mathematics. EURISKO didn't show anything like reasonable performance until he realized that the vocabulary it was manipulating needed to be "close" to the modeled domain, in the sense that interesting (to Lenat) statements about the domain needed to be short, and therefore easy for EURISKO to come across.
1SoullessAutomaton
Yeah, that was basically what I meant. My hypothesis was that if you gave AM to someone with good mathematical aptitude but little prior knowledge, they would discover a lot more interesting mathematical statements than they would have without AM's help, by analogy to Lenat discovering more interesting logical consequences of the wargaming rules with EURISKO's help than any of the experienced players discovered themselves.
3Eliezer Yudkowsky
As silly explanations go, I prefer the anthropic explanation: In worlds where AI didn't stagnate, you're dead and hence not reading this.
2Richard_Kennaway
Or in non-anthropic terms, strong AI could be done on present-day hardware, if we only knew how, and our survival so far is down to blind luck in not yet discovering the right ideas? For how long, in your estimate, has the hardware been powerful enough for this to be so? If Eurisko was a non-zero step towards strong AI, would it have been any bigger a step if Lenat had been using present-day hardware? Or did it fizzle because it didn't have sufficiently rich self-improvement capabilities, regardless of how fast it might have been implemented?
2Jonathan_Graehl
That is silly. In the same vein, why worry about any risks? You'll continue to exist in whatever worlds they didn't develop into catastrophe.
2Roko
This is a very serious point and has been worrying me for some time. This problem connects to continuity of consciousness and reference classes.
7Eliezer Yudkowsky
Not all worlds in which you continue to exist are pleasant ones. I think Michael Vassar once called quantum immortality the most horrifying hypothesis he had ever taken seriously, or something along those lines.
4loqi
Indeed. In particular, "dying of old age" is pretty damn horrifying if you think quantum immortality holds.
3Roko
Sure, but the idea that we should ignore futures where we are dead will still have some bizarre implications. For example, it would strongly contradict Nick Bostrom's MaxiPOK principle (maximize the probability of an OK outcome). In particular, if you thought that the development of AGI would lead to utopia with probability p u, near instant human extinction with probability p e and torture of humans with probability p _ t, where p t << p u then one would have a strong motive to accelerate the development of AGI as much as possible, because the total probability of mediocre outcomes due to non-extinction global catastrophes like resource depletion or nuclear war increases every year that AGI doesn't get developed. Your actions would be dominated by trying to increase the strength of the inequality p t << p u whilst getting the job done quickly enough that p u was still bigger than the probability of ordinary global problems such as global warming happening in your development window. You would do this even at the expense of increasing the probability p e - potentially until it was > 0.5. You'd better be damn sure that anthropic reasoning is correct if you're going to do this!
2NancyLebovitz
If there's quantum immortality, what proportion of your lives would be likely to be acutely painful? I don't have an intuition on that one. It seems as though worlds in which something causes good health would predominate over just barely hanging on, but I'm unsure of this.
0SoullessAutomaton
Hunh. I'm glad I'm not the only person who has always found quantum immortality far more horrifying than nonexistence.
[-]Douglas Miles60

Doug Lenat's source code for AM and possibly EURISKO w/Traveller found in public archives.. see https://white-flame.com/am-eurisko.html 

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[-]asciilifeform50

I find it extremely difficult to believe that Eurisko actually worked as advertised, given Dr. Lenat's behavior when confronted with requests for the source code.

What I find truly astounding is the readiness with which other researchers, textbook authors, journalists, etc. simply took his word for it, without holding the claim to anything like the usual standards of scientific evidence.

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9Eliezer Yudkowsky
He did win the Trillion-Credit Squadron tournament.
7asciilifeform
Well, Lenat did. Whether or in what capacity a computer program was involved is an open question.
9outlawpoet
It's useful evidence that EURISKO was doing something. There were some extremely dedicated and obsessive people involved in Traveller, back then. The idea that someone unused to starship combat design of that type could come and develop fleets that won decisively two years in a row seems very unlikely. It might be that EURISKO acted merely as a generic simulator of strategy and design, and Lenat did all the evaluating, and no one else in the contest had access to simulations of similar utility, which would negate much of the interest in EURISKO, I think.
2asciilifeform
How many of them made use of any kind of computer? How many had any formal knowledge applicable to this kind of optimization?
[-]SilasBarta50

I'm with you, all the way. I was intensely curious when I first read about it. Specifically, the idea of being able to generate arbitrary concepts without being pre-programmed, and having heuristics and metaheuristics and meta[*n]-heuristics that were apparently able to come up with non-obvious solutions to problems, like that war game.

It even came up with interesting results when it didn't solve anything, such as heuristics that somehow optimized themselves for "claiming credit for findings of other heuristics".

So yes, let's pull back the curtain.

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[-]thomblake40

I've always been more suspicious it's a 'mechanical turk' than a 'clever hans'.

How could he not make the source code public? Who does he think he is, Microsoft?

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1Houshalter
Well winning the traveler tournament and designing circuits is a bit too much for just a person. Eurisko had to have done something, even if it had help or it's abilities were exaggerated. I think it's unlikely it didn't exist at all or was totally faked. My guess is he exaggerated what it was capable of. It's also possible it really did work and he planned on capitalizing on it. Or maybe he was legitimately scared of it falling into the wrong hands and becoming unfriendly AI.
0Jonathan_Graehl
Modern "AI" research programs tend to develop relatively simple "training wheels" tasks with objectively measurable and reproducible performance. But you have at least the trappings of science. The same can't be said for most early AI work. If there really isn't enough information in his papers to reproduce his result (I have not read them), then Lenat has to at least be suspected of painting an overly rosy picture of how awesome his creation was. If the result is just "this is cool", then a public binary, web service, or source code release would be welcome.
[-]Vladimir_Nesov30

I bet any results therein are subsumed by modern developments, and are nothing particularly interesting from the right background, so only the mystery continues to capture attention.

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[-]aindilis10

Doug Lenat's sources for AM (and EURISKO+Traveller?) found in public archives

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38413615

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[-]momom210

Update on this project: Lenat's thesis on AM is available for purchase online, and explains with all necessary details how AM works. (AM: An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Discovery in Mathematics as Heuristic Search)
Unfortunately I have not found a paper that describes Eurisko itself with the same degree of precision, but that's not too much of an issue.

For a school project, I am reimplementing AM in the context of chess-playing, and it's looking good. Lenat's thesis is largely enough to do that.

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[-][anonymous]10

Interesting post (thanks for putting up the detailed papers RichardKennaway!!)! I've always been fascinated by Doug Lenat and his creations and I would like to share a google techtalk, by Doug Lenat about his work and ideas from 2006. It's contents have direct bearing on this post (although it doesn't mention EURISKO specifically nor does it give insight into it's main loop, it's more of an overview thing and the first half has a slight bias towards search and it ends up discussing CYC: it does give a lot of good information about how to model the world an... (read more)

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