I agree with ciphergoth that we would probably have an easier time discussing political issues than some other communities, and I agree with HalFinney that it's probably not a very good use of our time anyway. Let's say that everyone on LessWrong agrees on a solution to some political problem. So what? We already have lots of good ideas no one will listen to. It doesn't take a long-time reader of Overcoming Bias to realize marijuana criminalization isn't working so well, but so far the efforts of groups with far more resources than ourselves have been mostly in vain.
If someone came up with a new idea for pulling ropes sideways, that might be useful. For example, Robin's idea of futarchy is interesting, although so large-scale that it would be very hard to implement. If someone came up with a suggestion that brilliant, but for a smaller problem, it might do some good. But I always interpreted our posting policies to permit that sort of thing anyway.
But I think the best thing we could possibly do would be to raise the sanity waterline - a rising tide lifts all boats. That means coming up with compact, attractive summaries of our key findings and spreading them as far as possible. More on this later, possibly.
I agree that it is not a good use of our time to discuss political issue on Less Wrong. In fact, I think it would be harmful, because it would drown out other discussion and attract people who are not prepared to discuss it rationally.
However, we should discuss politics in other forums, using what we have learned here. We should be able to avoid seeing arguments as soldiers. I would like to spread rationality techniques among those who regularly participate in politics. (Though I am not sure how. Leading by example has been to subtle in my experience, and ...
Can we talk about changing the world? Or saving the world?
I think few here would give an estimate higher than 95% for the probability that humanity will survive the next 100 years; plenty might put a figure less than 50% on it. So if you place any non-negligible value on future generations whose existence is threatened, reducing existential risk has to be the best possible contribution to humanity you are in a position to make. Given that existential risk is also one of the major themes of Overcoming Bias and of Eliezer's work, it's striking that we don't talk about it more here.
One reason of course was the bar until yesterday on talking about artificial general intelligence; another factor are the many who state in terms that they are not concerned about their contribution to humanity. But I think a third is that many of the things we might do to address existential risk, or other issues of concern to all humanity, get us into politics, and we've all had too much of a certain kind of argument about politics online that gets into a stale rehashing of talking points and point scoring.
If we here can't do better than that, then this whole rationality discussion we've been having comes to no more than how we can best get out of bed in the morning, solve a puzzle set by a powerful superintelligence in the afternoon, and get laid in the evening. How can we use what we discuss here to be able to talk about politics without spiralling down the plughole?
I think it will help in several ways that we are a largely community of materialists and expected utility consequentialists. For a start, we are freed from the concept of "deserving" that dogs political arguments on inequality, on human rights, on criminal sentencing and so many other issues; while I can imagine a consequentialism that valued the "deserving" more than the "undeserving", I don't get the impression that's a popular position among materialists because of the Phineas Gage problem. We need not ask whether the rich deserve their wealth, or who is ultimately to blame for a thing; every question must come down only to what decision will maximize utility.
For example, framed this way inequality of wealth is not justice or injustice. The consequentialist defence of the market recognises that because of the diminishing marginal utility of wealth, today's unequal distribution of wealth has a cost in utility compared to the same wealth divided equally, a cost that we could in principle measure given a wealth/utility curve, and goes on to argue that the total extra output resulting from this inequality more than pays for it.
However, I'm more confident of the need to talk about this question than I am of my own answers. There's very little we can do about existential risk that doesn't have to do with changing the decisions made by public servants, businesses, and/or large numbers of people, and all of these activities get us straight into the world of politics, as well as the world of going out and changing minds. There has to be a way for rationalists to talk about it and actually make a difference. Before we start to talk about specific ideas to do with what one does in order to change or save the world, what traps can we defuse in advance?