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DanArmak comments on Arguments Against Speciesism - Less Wrong
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There aren't enough 12 year olds who would vote that they can vote in things which adults nearly universally disagree on.
Also, people under 18 are already permitted to have sex (though not necessary with people who are much older).
That's true. Although, if they formed a voting block, it would be a significant one. But that's not the real reason why people don't want teenagers to vote.
I think it's more of a feeling of what it means to be a full citizen with voting rights. People wouldn't want to make teenagers into an oppressed minority that was denied full rights because it kept getting outvoted; it would feel unpleasant, scary and antagonistic.
That varies a lot between countries. Very few places have age of consent as low as 12-14 (puberty).
I also would like to note that it would be odd to apply a phrase like permitted to have sex to someone who was otherwise a full, voting citizen.
How about applying a phrase permitted to have a beer to someone who is a full, voting citizen?
The supposed reason for the 21 year old drinking age is that the prefrontal cortex, which is in charge of impulse control, doesn't fully mature until the early twenties, and therefore alcohol use before 21 would a) result in more mishaps like car accidents than alcohol use after 21, and b) harm brain development during a critical period. Which would be perfectly sound reasoning if it applied to voting, military service, cigarettes, lottery tickets, etc. If alcohol use is too risky because of an underdeveloped prefrontal cortex, then surely voting is too? But if you raised the voting age to 21 you'd have to raise the draft age, too, because it would be barbaric to send people off to die without even a nominal say in the decision to go to war. It's far more practical to lower the drinking age.
Well for one thing alcohol's effect is to further impair the prefrontal cortex.
Taboo "barbaric".
I won't argue for the 21 year drinking age. For one thing, it was passed by federal governmental overreach (taking money from the states and not giving it back unless they passed a drinking age law).
Combined with your previous statement, that means that adults don't want teenagers to vote because they would vote for other rights, but not out of fear they would actually get them. Which is decidedly odd.
Here's something else to consider: perhaps adults think teenagers shouldn't get those rights for a reason. Furthermore, perhaps most teenagers can't comprehend that reason.
Of course, in making such a statement I need to avoid poisoning the well (I don't want to say that any teenager who disagrees is ipso facto unable to comprehend), but even then, I think it's pretty close to the truth.
(And a smart teenager is likely to think 'I am smart enough and competent enough at making decisions to vote. But I know what a lot of other people my age are like, and they're certainly not like that. I would overall be better off if I couldn't vote as long as it kept them from voting.')
What happens if we extend that reasoning to most adults as well? Is there some reason that most people become magically competent at 18? Perhaps things would be even better if voting were restricted further to some competent class of people?
(Of course that's politically impossible, but it's an interesting thought experiment)
Historically, the usual problem with that is that empowering competent people to make political decisions also empowers them to decide the meaning of "competent", and the meritocracy slowly turns into an aristocracy. The purest example I can think of offhand is the civil service examinations gating bureaucratic positions in imperial China, although that wasn't a democratic system.
If you're asking what the difference is between 18 - 1 day and 18, then that's already been answered: whenever we need to make a distinction based on a trait that gradually changes, we're going to have to set up some arbitrary boundary where the examples on one side are not very different from the examples on the other. The fact that the two sides are not very different is not a reason not to set the boundary.
In most cases, we have no way to determine who is in such a class of people, that is not susceptible to gaming the system, abuse, and/or incompetent and reckless testing. It's pretty hard to screw up figuring what someone's age is.
So why do we treat age as if it functions as one? Genuinely asking.
Because it's a proxy that deals with the problems I mentioned here much better than attempting to measure competence directly.
So, to be clear, you're not saying that there's no test of competency, but that age is the best test of competency we have?
I guess we're starting to run into the limits of theorizing in the absence of experimentation
So you agree that in the absence of other tests having an age-based cutoff at 18 is better than having no cutoff or a lower cutoff?
If you have a proposal that deals with the problems I've mentioned here and here, I'm willing to consider it.
Not really, but in the absence of spare countries to run controlled trials on...
The problems with restricting the vote by some criterion of competence are:
1) the criterion will get subject to Goodhart's law, this can be mitigated by using straightforward criteria, e.g., age.
2) the people meeting the criterion will act in ways that are in their interest but not in the interest of the people who do not fit the criteria, this is less of a problem with age because children already have adults, namely their parents, who have an interest in their children's well-being.
That seems like a really serious problem. How much better off would children be if they were a special interest group and not their parents?
Probably a lot worse since they generally don't have the experience to know what policies are actually in their interest.
Well, at a certain point they're just pushing buttons at random ... but assuming a degree of filtering*, I would expect them to have at the very least a net positive effect. Although I suppose it's possible (probable?) you have a lower opinion of children than me.
Come to think, even the interface could be enough to ensure this.
*Possibilities:
Most of these can also be combined in various ways, of course.
Many of your proposed filters do not really address Eugine_Nier's point about Goodhart's law.
If there is any structural bias in the first generation of vote filters, there are many reasons to be concerned that those who do not like the measure will not be sufficiently powerful to cause changes to the vote filters going forward.
Wait, I thought Goodhart's law was the one about "teaching to the test"?
Yeah, not all of those are equally good. I suspect they may all be better than the current criteria, but don't hold me to that.
Evidence?
The way student counsel elections tend to play out is not encouraging to your case.
Also the problem with most of your proposed tests is that in practice they're likely to degenerate into the test writer or administrator attempting to determine how they'd vote.
Having considered this further, I would no longer endorse that statement. Rather, I would expect a net positive effect relative to other types of voter.
While this is a problem - and one that, I suspect, rests on trying to control future government's decisions - I'm going to go through the different ideas there, just for fun.
Obviously, does not apply.
Almost certainly applies, but then, if you trust democracy anyway...
Applies, barring certain safeguards, or the "random people" option if you like democracy and juries.
Technically applies, but we already have schools, so...
Not allowed to vote until a certain age (significantly lower than 18.)
Probably doesn't apply ... I guess someone who gets disproportionately old or young votes might try to change the age limit, for that reason.
Depends on how much you trust doctors.
Since this was the original and "default" proposal, obviously, this applies. Although it might be hard to sneak into an English exam.
Is my sarcasm detector broken or something? This experiment has been performed many times in many places, rich white males usually being the prime example of "some competent class".
Actually, I find the Heinlein's idea in Starship Troopers intriguing, where only ex-military are given citizenship.
Excuse me; politically impossible within the current political climate.
If you know of some way to restrict voting to some more competent reference class than "adults", please do so.
History is against you, though, the power-holding reference class has been expanding rather than contracting (non-landholders, women's suffrage, civil rights, etc).
One relatively simple (but also easily gameable) criteria is education and/or intelligence. Only 18-year-olds with a high school/college/postgraduate degree, only 18-year-olds with an IQ score/SAT score >= X, etc. We don't want to try that because we know how quickly the tests and measurements would be twisted with ideology, and we worry that we would end up systematically discriminating against a class of people based on some hidden criterion other than intelligence/education, such as political views.
And to be fair, you'd have to give ten or a hundred votes to people with PhD's in political science.
I've thought about it, and I think this is more correct, and I was wrong before. (Or perhaps both reasons are correct, but this one is much stronger).
Historically, minorities who had voting rights but were otherwise legally discriminated against - blacks, gays, etc. - didn't abolish that discrimination by simply voting themselves more rights. They had to fight for those rights by much more direct means.
Acquiring the vote is usually, historically, a relatively early step in the enfranchisement of a minority, and it doesn't help directly in acquiring other rights. (I may be wrong about this; I'm not an expert.) When adults imagine the scenario of teenagers gaining the vote, it pattern-matches the narrative of an oppressed minority more or less violently fighting to gain other legal rights. Adults don't want to give teenagers the vote because it would acknowledge them as an adversary, an independent force. It would give them some (perhaps symbolic) power and simultaneously frame them as opponents.
To go further in this vein: the smart teenager might realize that if only smart teenagers were allowed to vote, they would never have the numbers to influence the political state of affairs in their preferred direction; but if all teenagers were allowed to vote, the majority of them would vote in directions not aligned with the interests of the smart teenagers; therefore the smart teenagers would gain nothing from having voting rights, either way.
That's when you meet the venous valve: using the same argument, a smart adult might object to adults having voting rights, no?
The argument doesn't just require that someone think they're in a category containing a lot of bad voters. The argument requires that they think they're in a category with voters who are comparatively bad, in contrast to people who are outside the category. A lot of smart adults would say "most voters are stupid". But not very many would say "most voters like me are particularly stupid".
That entirely depends on what the category of "voters like me" is - the category that may lose their votes. Very old people, mentally ill people, low IQ people, illiterate people, people with drug addictions... Within such category, an exceptionally (for the category) smart person may well think most other people "like them" are particularly stupid.
Yes indeed. Of course, note that the argument does not apply to only smart adults having voting rights.
Things also change if we think that "smart adults" are a less monolithic bloc of interests than "smart teenagers", which, it seems to me, is the case.
"Might"?
Well, if only smart teenagers were allowed to vote, they would be able to influence politics the same as any other minority--they can have an influence at the margins proportional to their size. The problem is that there's no good way to say that only smart teenagers can vote just like there's no good way to say that only smart adults can vote.
You're implying there's supposed to be an age at which this stops being true?
It's not logically consistent to believe that for all ages X people of age X are worse voters than average. There must be at least one age where the people of that age are better than average--it's a logical necessity, because of how averages work!
I think you are confusing "most other voters my age are stupid" (which people can and do say at any age) and "most other voters in my group are particularly stupid, compared to the average voter".
Actually, I was trying to make a joke, on the basis that the quoted section seems to imply the former.
Clearly I failed.
As an aside, have you considered applying that argument to other groups that were once disenfranchised? I'm not going to say it's wrong, but that particular exercise certainly produces a worrying number of parrallels (similar to applying spaciest arguments to racist ones, as per the parent article.)
The argument is that a smart person in such a group would agree that the rest of them are too stupid to vote. It doesn't apply to other disenfranchised groups until they actually would believe this too. I doubt that the other groups you are referring to would believe this.
I was thinking of women. Y'know, back in Ye Olden Days.
In general, I think, there is a tendency not to disenfranchise groups even if they are in some sense "below average", because, y'know, representation be good. Again, imagine the racist pointing out that n*s have, on average, less education than we do. Or maybe your model of Terrible People is less convincing than mine?
*he's a racist, he aint talking to Them, he's talking to Us White Guys.