You see two boxes and you can either take both boxes, or take only box B. Box A is transparent and contains $1000. Box B contains a visible number, say 1033. The Bank of Omega, which operates by very clear and transparent mechanisms, will pay you $1M if this number is prime, and $0 if it is composite. Omega is known to select prime numbers for Box B whenever Omega predicts that you will take only Box B; and conversely select composite numbers if Omega predicts that you will take both boxes. Omega has previously predicted correctly in 99.9% of cases.
Separately, the Numerical Lottery has randomly selected 1033 and is displaying this number on a screen nearby. The Lottery Bank, likewise operating by a clear known mechanism, will pay you $2 million if it has selected a composite number, and otherwise pay you $0. (This event will take place regardless of whether you take only B or both boxes, and both the Bank of Omega and the Lottery Bank will carry out their payment processes - you don't have to choose one game or the other.)
You previously played the game with Omega and the Numerical Lottery a few thousand times before you ran across this case where Omega's number and the Lottery number were the same, so this event is not suspicious.
Omega also knew the Lottery number before you saw it, and while making its prediction, and Omega likewise predicts correctly in 99.9% of the cases where the Lottery number happens to match Omega's number. (Omega's number is chosen independently of the lottery number, however.)
You have two minutes to make a decision, you don't have a calculator, and if you try to factor the number you will be run over by the trolley from the Ultimate Trolley Problem.
Do you take only box B, or both boxes?
I haven't looked at the comments yet. Two minutes was enough thinking time to get me to one-box, put not enough time to verbalize my intuition. There was a post earlier on lw about making decisions with imperfect memory that is relevant, I think.
My intuition is something along the lines of 'my decisions only affect whether omega gives me a million dollars or not, so the lottery doesn't matter'.
Further thoughts: your strategy when numbers match change the information that numbers matching conveys. If you one box, it tells you that the particular round loses the lottery. If you two box, it tells you that the particular round wins.
Since you win the lottery just as often regardless of when you know that you win the lottery, the value of this information is zero. All two-boxing does is move the coincidences to coincide with winning the lottery. That, and lose you nearly a million dollars per coincidence.