The problem is that everybody is having strong opinions about capitalism without even considering that it is not a "thing" but a category based on its definition, and there are multiple definitions of it.
The anti-capitalist, Marxist definition largely rests on private property (somehow) meaning you own more stuff you work with. Other people don't own the stuff they need to work with, so they need to "sell out" and become your employees. A typically capitalist company for a Marxist would be one guy owning 100 taxicabs and hiring 100 (or rather 300, in 3 shifts) drivers. Here the drivers, not having money to buy their own taxi cabs, must rent themselves out as employees. This is partially exploitative. Often Marxists propose it is not coming from free-market outcomes, but often it is more like some folks rob people with violence e.g. rob natives of their land then hire them when they have no other way of making a living. Another important aspect of a Marxist theory is alienation. The way I understand it, if the driver owns his taxi cab, he uses his own value system to work. Sometimes he is driven by the profit motive. Sometimes he gives rides to friends for free....
You can 3D print plastic. You can't 3D print computer chips. There are economies of scale with creating computer chips. The same is true for creating batteries. Tesla builds it's gigafactory because the huge volume allows cheaper production.
If I look over the items in my flat no one that can be 3D printed by a makerbot springs out.
Owning a solar rooftop means owning capital that produces a return. It doesn't make that energy free. If energy costs would be near zero I would use much more energy. Having a market that sets prices on energy use prevents people from wasting it.
The question presupposes that capitalism is the only way we organize our society. That's far from the case.
Not every transaction of value happens the same way. When government tries to solve a problem it does it through huge bureaucratic hierarchies. If I ask a friend to help me move to another flat then I the default isn't monetary payment. When open source is distributed for free on the internet you have yet another framework for value exchange.
Our society mixes different systems of value transfer. Wikipedia doesn't work through market incentives and that's okay. It can assist alongside with Britannica. There's no need for either-or.
I used to view capitalism as an inherent part of the society we currently live in, with no real economic competition.
I think it's best to approach this by asking what capitalism is. I see it as a distributed computing resource allocation system.
That is:
Decision-making is decentralized. Each agent has private information and communicates with the market through 'prices.'
Actual decision-making / computing is going on; agents are choosing between alternatives, constructing portfolios, gathering information, and so on.
There are some scarce resources that could be used to satisfy multiple different desires, but there's not enough to satisfy all desires.
You can construct an alternative by flipping those descriptions. For example, rather than a decentralized system, you could have a centralized system. This is empirically worse off, because we don't have easily scalable centralized computing, and information transfer is hard. (If you've already got billions of biological computers running around, why not make use of them?)
A zero marginal cost society is one in which we can satisfy all desires, without ever having to face tradeoffs between those desires. While this could eventu...
when you can get your goods, energy and communications for basically free, doesn't that undermine the whole capitalist system?
Goods that can be produced for zero marginal cost per copy but have a positive fixed/sunk cost (like software) pose a challenge for any economic system including capitalism because you need a way to pay for the fixed costs but you want to let anyone who gets any value from the good get it. But capitalism, I believe, offers to best hope in part because of capitalism's creativity. In the past advertising revenue was found to be ...
Disclaimer: If I'm wrong about something, I appreciate corrections, but please don't be an asshole about them. I know myself not to understand economics very well.
When something is as ubiquitous, as pervasive, as well-supported, as institutionally-backed as capitalism, you have to make significantly better arguments against its use than the mere fact that it has some obvious inefficiencies in some branch of it. Capitalism can wreak ruin among large swathes of the world, for all people care about. That still wouldn't stop them for doing their damnedest to p...
Capitalism is less truly an economic system and more truly an economic modeling language.
Natural fisheries versus farming provides an excellent illustration of this; if you followed the sames rules for "unregulated" natural fisheries (that is, anybody may catch any number of fish) in farming, whoever picked a vegetable would own it, and farming couldn't exist as it does today. But replace the fishery rules with the farming rules, and whether or not it is "capitalism" is determined wholly by the framing; if you charge for a limited numb...
In it, the author states that we are in the midst of a third industrial revolution as a result of a new energy/production and communications matrix i.e. renewable energies, 3-D printing and the internet.
Even if Rifkin was right about manufactured products and energy becoming ~free, that leaves about 70% of the US economy that remains not-free, i.e. the service sector. You can't 3D print a dentist or plumber.
In any case I greatly doubt that 3D printing will be cheaper than current manufacturing. A 3D printer is not a nanofactory, and won't be anytime so...
when you can get your goods, energy and communications for basically free, doesn't that undermine the whole capitalist system?
Ask me that when I actually would be able to get my goods, energy, and communications for basically free.
I'm not holding my breath.
By the way, the traditional name for this sort of arrangement is "communism".
There will always be ways to lower the marginal cost of a product. Even if this cost is measured in atoms, people will be looking for ways to reduce that cost.
There will also be art for a very long time. When everyone has a practically infinite supply of goods at their disposal, they will still want to create things for status, and this will be instantly transferable around the world. The internet increased the supply of art even as it reduced the marginal cost while leaving fixed costs mostly untouched.
There will be limits to transportation. Right now, that theoretical limit is the speed of light. People may compete for the right to travel to a far off world or to reach new worlds faster.
The biggest issue I see with unregulated capitalism is its poor handling of the tragedy of the commons. (in the shape of global resources)
The situation isn't so that we first had a theory of capitalism and then went to implement it. Instead we started doing stuff and found that it had ideological baggage. Capitalism is the only option because it's the only fleshed out option because we suck at (rigousrously) imagining alternative economic possibilities.
I have found the theorethical foundations to be pretty weak (as far as theorethical sense of elegancy goes) but here the proof is in the pudding. The theorethical constucts links to real world behaviours are a lot more stronger than the intern...
I strongly suspect that the effectiveness of capitalism as a system of economic organization is proportional to how rational agents participating in it are. I expect that capitalism only optimizes against the general welfare when people in a capitalist society make decisions that go against their own long-term values. The more rational a capitalist society is, the more it begins to resemble an economist's paradise.
I've not read the Rifkin book, so it may have a response to the criticism I'm about to make of your rendition of the key idea.
"The margin" is a concept that is set in a temporal context. That is, the margin is about a decision being made. Historically, economists think primarily of the short term margin: changed to production that can occur without changes in capital (and so, prototypically only using variations in inputs such as labor, energy, and raw materials). This is where marginal cost can fall to zero.
But economists also recognize two furt...
It would be helpful to define terms first. Capitalism is the system of private ownership of scarce objects. People are scarce, land is scarce, resources are scarce. Even if energy becomes plentiful, the means of production of that energy will remain scarce (solar panels and other capital goods). Even if you can 3D print any object, the resources used as inputs are still scarce.
In short, scarcity will not go away, although it will continue to get significantly better, as more valuable and useful things can be produced with less (less labor, less energy, less resources, etc). Therefore private ownership and voluntary association, aka capitalism, will remain.
Digging up a little deeper on the issue I think I have already figured out a lot of the details that the Collaborative Commons direction seems to be heading into.
I have been trying to label my thinking as "contributionism".
Traditionally you have, fixed costs + unit costs = costs paid by consumers + leftovers claimable by the corporation (= profit). Usually the fixed costs are what they are and the amount that is produced is varied. Additionally we offer the product at some price. This gives it the form of, cost_f + Xcost_u=c_cost_uX+profit. Homo economicus selects the product with cheapest price so there is pressure to set c_cost_u as low as possible but we want to have profit as high as possible. Dividing by X we get cost_f/X=c_cost_u+profit/X. If the company is really efficent they can set their profit slightly less of the 0 profit c_cost_u price of the next best competetitor (in reality they won't accept a 0 profit but then you use a figure of the lowest profit they accept instead of not bothering to make the product). Traditional analysis rather wants to see it in terms of marignal cost where you don't see the profit so much as ebing part of every product but instead you first make the product some amount to offset the fixed costs and then you are free to make addiotional units purely to make excess money. However this method is pretty tricky if you don't know how many units will be sold if the value of X is unknown. In practice you have to aim for a price / scale point. If you get the price low you eat into your money per itemt ath you won't make your invesment back. If you set it too high people either don't afford it or it gets outcompeted by cheaper products. So there is sweepspot range where the "price is right" that it accumulates more money than it loses to competition / being expensive. If you hit anywhere in there you get a profit and if you hit a better spot you get more money. However while you can make an educated guess it ends up being a guess neve the less. I am using suggestive phrasing that it need not be so.
We can do the optimatization differently. We know the fixed costs are going to be cost_f and we would like to make 1000 from the operation so profit=1000. cost_f + Xcost_u=c_cost_uX+profit -> X(cost_u)-X(c_cost_u)=profit-cost_f -> X*(cost_u-c_cost_u)=profit-cost_f -> cost_u-c_cost_u=(profit-cost_f)/X -> c_cost_u=((profit-cost_f)/X)-cost_u. Now we have only one unknown on the left and one unknown on the right. This is also the price point of making exactly the profit that we want. Instead of fixing the ask price we have fixed the profit. Now we start offering these and when new customers arrive we retroactively change the price of already sold products (It always goes down so they probably don't mind). Now we are perfectly competetive while getting the profit that we want regardless of volume. It's impossible for us to price wrong.
This kind of alternate scheme makes more sense for which cost_u is low. However there are plenty of areas where cost_u is effectively zero. Once a game has been programmed installing it on 1 billion computers has virtually 0 cost. Also once a songs has been composed downlaoding it to an addiotional ipod is practically free. I call this ability "copyability". They tend to be characterised as those with low cost_u but high cost_f but in general there is a degree into it. For example if you make chairs you still need additional wood so additional chairs is not free. but then you don't need to redesign the chair. If you make designer chair a bigger portion of your product is actually inthe design rather then in the raw materials. Also if you make 1 medicine pill it isn't completely free to make another but the essential effort was to get it tested as safe so the second costs about 1/100000000th what the first costed. In fact it doesn't really make sense to apply the concept of marginal cost here. You are never really limited by raw material cost when making medicines.
However this has all sort of edgy theorethical heterodoxy going for it. For example you no longer become a billionare if you make a product that has sell volume way more than you thought was economical for. Bug or feature? You have to say good buy to winning the marketing super lottery. But in exchange the legitimacy of hit products is better and the price representing the effort to get the thing done is better. You also have a big disperancy with ability to pay and actual amount paid. Even if you already paid 100$ for a product you migth end up getting 30$ later back. If we use the old rules of evaluation of everything being worth what the consumer is willing to pay for it you got 100$ of value for 70$ paid. Also hit products have lower price than those that barely make economic sense. Usually when you want good shoes you pay more to get more. However similar products one being selected as being the one worth using and getting it goes down in price making it a good rule of thumb of getting the cheapest applicaple product to get the best quality.
There is also the property that all customers pay the same price. No more getting stuff cheap from the sale bin. There is no price guessing so there is no arbitrary drops. Instead of being smacked with a first user "fine" of being a first adopter when your product "normalises" you actually have paid just as much as those that dollar bin buy their stuff. You just got your earlier by having the chance that it will stay a niche product forever (and never hits the masses). But if you were ok witht he price point of the product when you got it there isn't any gambling from your point going on. In fact we can precollect commitments on how many people would buy it from the dollar bins to jump straight to mass sales without going throught first adopter phase. That is what would have been a tragic overpricing can be can be salvaged to a working price point as people don't have an incentive to underreport what they woudl be willing to pay for a product. That is if you overreporting doesn't cost nearly as much where each cent that you overreport is a loss for you in the traditional haggling scheme. In fact we might first have a idea of thing that might be worth doign and then have the financial commitments from end users before production even begins. That is we have an alternative economical activity motivator framework. You can have a project setup and financed for the sake of having it done. For example how many "I will chip in 30$ to have man go to Mars" we need to get our rockets together? 50%6 billion30$ = 90 billion budjet. Will that get us there? Does it make economical sense? Notice how we can have commitment levels under and over 30$. Notice how we don't need to make anyone a multimillionare to get it organised. That is the budjet can compromise just many regular level people working on it with down to earth "just let me support myself" money demands. How we currently do speculation is that we let a enterprise take a loan and then either let it bankcrypt spectacularly or hit upon on a permit to print money. Notice how both of these options are a drain on society.
The thing is that the alternatives never really want to get spesific. Yeah it would be nice that those who do work would have the right to organise work how they see it would work best since those probably know best. But if you don't provide any microdetails on how it is supposed to work it becomes an empty slogan. That is a suit with deskjob holding and maanging the ownership is pretty far from the ideal but if we dont' have a concrete way fo imagining what to have in its stead it doesn't help to tear anything up and leave just a vacuum. If employers with no desk jobs would select among themselfs one that did start a desk job identical to the current suit would that be significant enough? That is the curretn system is good in that sense that there is clear appointed persons that are financially responcible. Althoguth we could argue that in a system where goverment goes on to cover up the losses when it comes time to live with the responcibility it creates a position of power without any accountability. But it kinda means that if we no longer have "big players" that assume enourmous repsonciblities in hoeps of getting ennourmeous greeds filled we need to have a method how we make the group of people that shoulder the responcibility larger. We could argue that in the current state the responcibility of the consumer is artifically limited. That is if you buy a product that is produced by firm that goes bankcrupt you have gained a product as if it made financial sense when it in fact didn't. That is when you are at the super market the products that will flop are pretty comparable in price to the products that won't. The process of eliminating the investor greed motive migth mean that the economical reality is more directly exposed to the customer. Curretnly we have set prices that have an element of false promise. You can buy a product as if it made financial sense even if it ends up not doing so. There migth be a need to have a speculative elemtn on the prices. Would it be okay if to have a little higher nominal prices on shelfs but then have the ones that make economical sense go down? Would it be okay that if you could not just arrive into a "set table" of having already produced products waiting on the shelf ready to buy you would actually have to keep money preattached to upkeep the selection? Could it be okay if you needed to select which kinds of products you will buy 3 months in advance instead of 1 day in advance? Would you rather pay 100$ now for sneakers or make the decision to attach 70$ to it now and know that it makes economical sense 3 weeks later (or know that it won't and rereceive that 70$)?
Note: I'm terrible at making up titles, and I think that the one I gave may give the wrong impression. If anyone has a suggestion on what I should change it to, it would be much appreciated.
As I've been reading articles on less wrong, it seems to me that there are hints of an underlying belief which states that not only is capitalism a good economic paradigm, it shall remain so. Now, I don't mean to say anything like 'Capitalism is Evil!' I think that capitalism can, and has, done a lot of good for humanity.
However, I don't think that capitalism will be the best economic paradigm going into the future. I used to view capitalism as an inherent part of the society we currently live in, with no real economic competition.
I recently changed my views as a result of a book someone recommended to me 'The zero marginal cost society' by Jeremy Rifkin. In it, the author states that we are in the midst of a third industrial revolution as a result of a new energy/production and communications matrix i.e. renewable energies, 3-D printing and the internet.
The author claims that these three things will eventually bring their respective sectors marginal costs to zero. This is significant because of a 'contradiction at the heart of capitalism' (I'm not sure how to phrase this, so excuse me if I butcher it): competition is at the heart of capitalism, with companies constantly undercutting each other as a result of new technologies. These technological improvement allow a company to produce goods/services at a more attractive price whilst retaining a reasonable profit margin. As a result, we get better and better at producing things, and it lets us produce goods at ever decreasing costs. But what happens when the costs of producing something hit rock bottom? That is, they can go no lower.
3D printing presents a situation like this for a huge amount of industries, as all you really need to do is get some designs, plug in some feedstock and have a power source ready. The internet allows people to share their designs for almost zero cost, and renewable energies are on the rise, presenting the avenue of virtually free power. All that's left is the feedstock, and the cost of this is due to the difficulty of producing it. Once we have better robotics, you won't need anyone to mine/cultivate anything, and the whole thing becomes basically free.
And when you can get your goods, energy and communications for basically free, doesn't that undermine the whole capitalist system? Of course, the arguments presented in the book are much more comprehensive, and it details an alternative economic paradigm called the Commons. I'm just paraphrasing here.
Since my knowledge of economics is woefully inadequate, I was wondering if I've made some ridiculous blunder which everyone knows about on this site. Is there some fundamental reason why Jeremy Rifkin's is a crackpot and I'm a fool for listening to him? Or is it more subtle than that? I ask because I felt the arguments in the book pretty compelling, and I want some opinions from people who are much better suited to critiquing this sort of thing than I.
Here is a link to the download page for the essay titled 'The comedy of the Commons' which provides some of the arguments which convinced me:
http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/1828/
A lecture about the Commons itself:
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2009/ostrom_lecture.pdf
And a paper (?) about governing the commons:
http://www.kuhlen.name/MATERIALIEN/eDok/governing_the_commons1.pdf
And here is a link to the author's page, along with some links to articles about the book:
http://www.thezeromarginalcostsociety.com/pages/Milestones.cfm
http://www.thezeromarginalcostsociety.com/pages/Press--Articles.cfm
An article displaying some of the sheer potential of 3D printers, and how it has the potential to change society in a major way:
http://singularityhub.com/2012/08/22/3d-printers-may-someday-construct-homes-in-less-than-a-day/
Edit: Drat! I forgot about the stupid questions thread. Should I delete this and repost it there? I mean, I hope to discuss this topic with others, so it seems suitable for the DISCUSSION board, but it may also be very stupid. Advice would be appreciated.