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(Note: The Junto was a secret society formed by Benjamin Franklin for the purpose of intellectual discourse and business networking. The following is the debate rules they used to maintain an atmosphere of reason.)

  1. Our debates were to be under the direction of a president, and to be conducted in the sincere spirit of inquiry after truth, without fondness for dispute, or desire of victory.
  2. To prevent warmth, all expressions of positiveness in opinions, or direct contradiction, were after some time made contraband, and prohibited under small pecuniary penalties.
  3. I even forbid myself, agreeably to the old laws of our Junto, the use of every word or expression in the language that imported a fix'd opinion, such as certainly, undoubtedly, etc., and I adopted, instead of them, I conceive, I apprehend, or I imagine a thing to be so or so; or it so appears to me at present.
  4. When another asserted something that I thought an error, I deny'd myself the pleasure of contradicting him abruptly, and of showing immediately some absurdity in his proposition; and in answering I began by observing that in certain cases or circumstances his opinion would be right, but in the present case there appear'd or seem'd to me some difference, etc. I soon found the advantage of this change in my manner; the conversations I engag'd in went on more pleasantly. The modest way in which I propos'd my opinions procur'd them a readier reception and less contradiction; I had less mortification when I was found to be in the wrong, and I more easily prevail'd with others to give up their mistakes and join with me when I happened to be in the right.

Source: Excerpts from the Autobiography Of Benjamin Franklin

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Debate Rules In Benjamin Franklin's Junto
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[-]gjm110

It looks to me as if 1 and 2 are indeed describing rules of Junto debate, while 3 and 4 (despite the heading that appears in the linked document above the section from which they are taken) are rather describing Franklin's conduct later in life, inspired by his experiences in the Junto.

[EDITED to add:] In the actual autobiography that heading does not appear; where Franklin says what he did "agreeably to the old laws of our Junto" I don't think he is claiming that the practice he describes is itself required by those laws; the term "old" is interesting, but I think the Junto was still active at that time -- Franklin says it was at about the same time as the establishment of the Philadelphia public library, which was ~1730, and elsewhere in the autobiography he implies the Junto's continued operation in the late 1730s.

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[-]namespace20

Even if we take that interpretation, I think 3 and 4 are useful operational expansions of 1 and 2. They're concrete things you can do to implement them.

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[-]Raemon100

Huh. Most of the rules make intuitive sense to me. Does it say why they actively prefer to prevent warmth? (something something easier to remain dispassionate?)

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[-]gjm280

I think it's possible that you're interpreting some key words in that provision differently from how Franklin meant them. But I am not very confident either about how he meant them, or about how you are taking them. I think "warmth" may mean "anger" or "heated argument" (and I think you may be taking it to mean "friendliness"); I think "positive" may mean "forceful" (and I think you may be taking it to mean "approving"). The bit about "direct contradiction" seems like evidence for the meanings I am conjecturing; but, again, I am not confident in my guesses about the nuances of 18th-century American English.

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[-]clone of saturn110

I think “pos­it­ive” may mean “force­ful” (and I think you may be tak­ing it to mean “ap­prov­ing”).

This is still a primary meaning in contemporary English:

adjective

  1. explicitly stated, stipulated, or expressed: a positive acceptance of the agreement.
  2. admitting of no question: positive proof.
  3. stated; express; emphatic: a positive denial.

https://www.dictionary.com/browse/positive

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[-]ESRogs50

That interpretation makes the "I even forbid myself..." part in rule 3 follow more naturally as well.

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[-]Raemon50

Oh, interesting. Hadn't thought to read it that way.

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[-]ryan_b50

I'm not sure if this is exactly what he meant, but I can easily see benefits. If the goal is truth-seeking, false positives are as bad as false negatives and bias towards friends is as bad as bias against rivals.

It seems like a good idea not to treat two people having the same assessment of the evidence as further evidence. It's sort of like a policy against groupthink.

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