For example, if intelligence hadn't evolved, we wouldn't exist, and couldn't evaluate the probability of intelligence evolving. In a big enough universe, intelligence could evolve somewhere even if the probability of it happening was arbitrarily low. Therefore we cannot just infer that because intelligence involvedevolved here, evolution is common, or that designing intelligence is easy.
AIn statistics, a selection effect exists when some property of a thing is correlated with its being sampled. The classic example is a phone poll, which necessarily only reaches people who have phones. If only wealthy people have phones, then being wealthy is correlated with ever being polled in the viewsfirst place. Thus the opinions of wealthy people will be overrepresented.
For example, if intelligence hadn't evolved, we wouldn't exist. So it'sexist, and couldn't evaluate the probability of intelligence evolving. In a big enough universe, intelligence could evolve somewhere even if the probability of it happening was arbitrarily low. Therefore we not obviouscannot just infer that we can start from the observation thatbecause intelligence evolvedinvolved here, and infer that such evolution is common, or that designing intelligence is easy.
A selection effect exists when some property of a thing is correlated with its being sampled. The classic example is a phone poll, which necessarily only reaches people who have phones. If only wealthy people have phones, the views of wealthy people will get too much weight.be overrepresented.
A selection effect exists when some property of a thing is correlated with its being sampled. The classic example is a phone poll samplingpoll, which necessarily only thosereaches people who have phones. WhereIf only wealthy people have phones, such a poll would overestimate average wealth.the views of wealthy people will get too much weight.
A selection effect exists when some property of a thing is correlated with its being sampled. The classic example is a phone poll sampling only those people who have phones. Where only wealthy people have phones, such a poll would overestimate average wealth.
An observation selection effect exists when some property of a thing is correlated with the observer existing in the first place. The study of such effects is sometimes called "anthropic reasoning" or "anthropics", after the anthropic principle. For example, if intelligence hadn't evolved, we wouldn't exist. So it's not obvious that we can start from the observation that intelligence evolved here, and infer that such evolution is common, or that designing intelligence is easy.
Recent approaches to such effects have focused less on "anthropic principles" and more on possiblecandidate assumptions such as:
Such assumptions are needed to determine how we choose between theories predicting different sets of observers.
One approach to anthropic reasoning that has sometimes been attempted is to derive the right principles from decision theory.
A selection effect exists when some property of a thing is correlated with its being sampled. The classic example is a phone poll sampling only those people who have phones.
An observation selection effect exists when some property of a thing is correlated with the observer existing in the first place. The study of such effects is sometimes called "anthropic reasoning" or "anthropics", after the anthropic principle.
Recent approaches to such effects have focused less on "anthropic principles" and more on possible assumptions such as:
One approach to anthropic reasoning that has sometimesbeenattempted is to derive principles from decision theory.
Self-Sampling Assumptionself-sampling assumption, which performs a Bayesian update on the fact that you were randomly chosen out of the set of all observers.Self-Indication Assumptionself-indication assumption, which favors theories in proportion to the number of observers they predict, because with more observers, you're more likely to exist at all. (Sometimes, people take this to include the Self-Sampling Assumption, using "SIA" as shorthand for "SSA+SIA".)