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I think this is a very bad idea, considering the record of past discussions about sex, gender, and related matters on LW. I've seen quite a few of those, and almost inevitably, the result is either an awful death spiral or, in case someone tries injecting a serious dose of reality, quarrels and internet drama. If the recent discussions superficially look better than usual, this is only because nobody has bothered much with trying to steer them closer to reality, and the death spirals have been able to drift away happily and undisturbedly.

For whatever reason, this forum has shown to be incapable of conducting rational discussions about these topics. This is a sad verdict, but I'm afraid it's realistic.

Perhaps even more important than the 'death spirals' is that of a subject-limited evaporative cooling of beliefs.

7Vladimir_M
Good point. I agree.
5sam0345
Why subject limited? If discussion of a certain topic results in one sided and disproportionate unpleasantness, driving out certain folk, this is likely to affect a wide range of subjects, since one can usually infer that if someone is intolerant of belief X, he is intolerant of beliefs Y and Z. Intolerance usually reflects a belief system which is apt to have an official line on just about everything. Since mentioning the most obvious and important example of such a belief system is apt to have adverse consequences, I will mention a substantially less important and less menacing example of such a belief system, that of the Ayn Rand institute.
1wedrifid
Just the zoom setting. I wasn't talking about plausible broad ramification - even though they obviously do exist.
3[anonymous]
Indeed.

I think it's a bad idea to say this every time a new discussion about sex/gender comes up. If each time such a post is made, someone posts "there is no way this will go well" and everyone stops posting, then it is literally impossible for the conversation to go anywhere. I think it's much more valuable to have bad posts if those enable good posts to also exist, instead of just having no posts on the topic.

At the very least, wait UNTIL the thread descends into shittiness, and then lock it, instead of preemptively banning on all conversation on a subject that is vitally important to the happiness of many.

I think it's much more valuable to have bad posts if those enable good posts to also exist, instead of just having no posts on the topic.

I disagree with this assumption. Discussions can have a net negative contribution to knowledge and understanding even if all their parts aren't uniformly negative. It seems to me that this is especially true on LW, since as long as there is no breakdown of discussion and everything looks nice and polite, people here tend to walk away believing that they've just participated in a sterling exercise in rationality and clear thinking, even if it's actually been a bad death spiral. That's my opinion, at least.

-5drethelin
8wedrifid
We don't lock threads at all, as far as I'm aware. Delete them sure. Swear and abuse those who post them perhaps but never lock them.
0lessdazed
Bad idea. That's never been worth it for any thread I've seen.
[-][anonymous]150

That there are topics that LW cannot discuss productively, and that you regard it as somewhat dangerous to name these topics very directly, is one of your recurring themes. I'm curious: do you think there are any topics that produce high-quality discussions on LW, but that in society generally are as toxic (or if not as toxic just very toxic) as your unmentionable ones?

That there are topics that LW cannot discuss productively, and that you regard it as somewhat dangerous to name these topics very directly, is one of your recurring themes. I'm curious: do you think there are any topics that produce high-quality discussions on LW, but that in society generally are as toxic (or if not as toxic just very toxic) as your unmentionable ones?

Actually, in my opinion, LW is not at all bad when it comes to most topics that are impossible to discuss rationally almost anywhere else. The gender-related topics stand out as a particularly bad case of failure, but other than that, I can't think of any examples that would make LW look bad in comparison with what happens elsewhere -- and in many cases, it stands out as exceptionally good. (This is why I keep hanging out here, after all.)

One of my recurring themes is criticizing LW for failure to turn its formidable weapons of critical thinking against various high-status and officially accredited delusions and biases, its failure to recognize and criticize deep and systematic processes that generate and perpetuate bias and delusion in respectable and influential institutions and social circles, and also the oc... (read more)

[-]Larks150

I don't understand why this comment doesn't have more upvotes.

It seems, on relationships at least, that LW resorts to a sort of phoney rationalism, where theory does a lot of the work, with very little recourse to evidence. Has anyone here ever linked to studies on the effects if marriage on happiness, productivity, etc.?

I don't want to link inside LW, so here's an example from outside of what I'm talking about; the apparant attempt to combine generalising from one example with deduction from first principles, and from this find a theory of relationships.

This is a shame, because I do think rationality has enourmously benefitted my current relationship. I just don't think LW usefully discusses such things.

5wedrifid
I think so, yes. I can't offhand recall where...
-2Nic_Smith
You're pointing to Curi as an example of LW thought?!
0Larks
No, I'm pointing to an article by William Godwin, which Curi quoted, as an it is an example of the mistake LWers make.
[-]omslin120

nobody has bothered much with trying to steer [discussions] closer to reality

Feels like you have forbidden knowledge. Not coincidentally, I want to know what it is.

What is it roughly? That innate differences across the sexes play a strong role in causing statistically different mating behaviors to develop? That these differences end up somewhat resembling "females want high-value sex and a devoted father while males want sex and sexually faithful partners"? That females are often attracted to high value behavior (e.g. PUA stuff)? That many people have some, possibly very vague, estimate of how sexually valuable they are, and act upon this belief? Is there any way you can quench my curiosity? It seems obvious that if you answer in general terms you won't offend anyone, as meta thought doesn't really push the emotional buttons.

PS: It has been suggested that general statements can cause worse beliefs in a group, since they're very simplified. But there should be some way of pointing to an area of the map without degrading that region of the map.

Feels like you have forbidden knowledge. Not coincidentally, I want to know what it is.

It goes something like "Do this... No, that is the opposite of what works, do this... No, you're manipulative and it's unethical to say that... No, saying that it is manipulative is crazy political indoctrination... People here are Pigs... No we're not... Yes you are, manipulative pigs... that's not what your mom said last night." (And somehwere in there is HughRistik writing a massive treatise. If you want to get all the best of such conversations just read through this)

9Vladimir_M
There is no forbidden knowledge involved. Just search for old LW discussions on these topics, and you'll see what I'm talking about. And yes, often the problems revolve around issues such as those you've mentioned. (Though I wouldn't really agree with the way you've worded most of them, and there are many additional issues that are also apt to cause problems when brought up.) Analyzing and documenting all the sources of bias and discourse breakdown that appear when these topics are discussed would be a large and fascinating project in its own right. It's an extremely incendiary mix of ideological preconceptions and biases, personal emotional investments, urges to switch from factual discussions to moral superiority contests, signaling-driven opinions, unwillingness to face ugly truths, and so on.
6lessdazed
Look for where people are told not to do or think things because they are evil or manipulative rather than wrong or ineffectual. Look for people inveighing against supposedly commonly held beliefs or behaviors without citing actual examples of offenses.
8Raemon
While I don't necessarily think the discussions about sex/gender/etc have been overall unproductive, I do think a lot of them end up qualifying as "talking about politics." I don't think it needs to be tabood completely, but I don't think we need to encourage more of it. However, I'll also note that previous discussions were often specifically about PUA and/or feminism. More recent posts were about relationships without either of those topics directly connected, which may be way they had higher quality discussion. PUA/Feminism are inherently somewhat political, especially when they are viewed as opposites.

However, I'll also note that previous discussions were often specifically about PUA and/or feminism. More recent posts were about relationships without either of those topics directly connected, which may be way they had higher quality discussion.

Trouble is, I can hardly see how these discussions can remain sufficiently close to reality without getting into issues where the problematic "PUA and/or feminism" stuff becomes relevant. In fact, from what I see, attempts to do so are one of the principal ways in which I observe the death spirals forming. People write things that are strong applause lights, including in response to each other, and this results in a happy death spiral whose drift away from reality could be stopped only by criticizing the assumptions behind these applause-lights assertions -- but no such criticism is possible without bringing up relevant points that trigger the dreaded "PUA and/or feminism" mind-killers.

If nobody even attempts such criticism, what follows is something that may superficially look like a "higher quality discussion," but is in fact a festival of applause lights and happy death spirals -- and on the whole even worse than a quarrel, in which it's at least clear that something's gone badly wrong. In my honest opinion, this is in fact what has been happening.

If nobody even attempts such criticism, what follows is something that may superficially look like a "higher quality discussion," but is in fact a festival of applause lights and happy death spirals -- and on the whole even worse than a quarrel, in which it's at least clear that something's gone badly wrong. In my honest opinion, this is in fact what has been happening.

There was one case where a well meaning poster collated a conversation and posted it as "the lesswrong consensus" on online dating advice. That was... a less than ideal turn of events.

Yes, I think I know which thread you are talking about. It was one of my major disappointments here. That was, I think, the only time I saw a mass of LW participants approving and upvoting something that was an intellectual equivalent of healing crystals. (This is not a hyperbole -- I really think that the intellectual failure was of a similar magnitude, insofar as such things can be meaningfully compared.) A few people's attempts to bring some realistic perspective ended up creating a bitter controversy, and the crystal-healing-equivalent stuff was left with a respectable net positive vote.

0Kaj_Sotala
Which one was that? (Vague recollection of having seen that, and maybe even commented, but can't recall the exact thread right now.)

The one I have in mind is this. This post and its comment thread, combined with the final net results of voting, in my opinion decisively refute the idea of any universally applicable "sanity waterline" that is supposedly higher on LW than elsewhere. I don't think it's an exaggeration to say that the collective failure of rational thinking demonstrated there was so severe that it might as well have been a happy and approving discussion of horoscopes, healing crystals, or the Mayan 2012 doomsday.

It is the prospect of such things starting to re-emerge on a regular and frequent basis that has motivated my reactions in this thread.

5CarlShulman
Is the group reading and responding to these relationship posts representative of Less Wrong? I just skip over them.

No, I wouldn't say the group is representative, although on the other hand, it's certainly not just a small fringe group either.

However, I don't have in mind just people who actively contribute to such nonsense. Another problem is that similar intellectual failures about other topics would be (for the most part) correctly identified and criticized without causing bitter controversy and discourse breakdown, and a mass of other readers would also express correct judgment at least with upvotes and downvotes. So even the general passive approval is, in my opinion, indicative of bias, since such passive approval would certainly not be given to various other things that are not significantly worse by any reasonable standards.

Another bias that's clearly visible is that when someone displays intellectual failures of similar magnitude in various other areas, this would be taken on LW as indicative of an irrational person who is altogether below the universal standards of rational thinking practiced here -- whereas nothing similar occurs when it comes to these topics. Of course, I don't think people should be written off as general intellectual failures just because they demonstrated irrationality about these topics, but it definitely should serve as a warning for those who sometimes do apply such standards in other situations.

2[anonymous]
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9HughRistik
Arguably, they aren't opposites, because they have significant overlap on certain dimensions. I've argued that a lot of pickup techniques are actually compatible with feminist values. Then there are folks who criticize both feminism and pickup for being overly pandering to women: http://lifestylejourney.blogspot.com/2010/02/pua-scam.html http://aleknovy.com/2011/07/18/the-anti-game-method-if-you-hate-game-and-find-it-incompatible-with-mra-and-matriarchy-fighting/
1[anonymous]
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Well, it's my own verdict, with which you're welcome to agree or disagree. But even without getting into any substantive issues from these discussions, consider this. In the past, these topics have many times led to a breakdown of rational discourse. If this no longer happens, what is the more plausible explanation: that LW has somehow suddenly and collectively figured out a way to discuss these topics rationally, or that people are simply tired of the same old unproductive clashes so that nobody even bothers to challenge the happy death spirals?

If any people think it's the former, I'd really be curious about their hypotheses on what caused this sudden change for the better.

7[anonymous]
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6Vladimir_M
I wouldn't want to point fingers at people this way even if we were talking about unambiguous and agreed-upon instances of errors, let alone in cases like this, where it would open whole cans of worms. It would look like I'm being confrontational against individuals, rather than pointing out a general problem. On the other hand, I think it's reasonable to ask my above question in this context. Given the previous history of discussions about this topic, what is the reason to consider the first explanation as more probable than the second? (And what would be the cause of the change assumed by the first one?)
2lessdazed
The third alternative is to try things differently. It's not helpful to make no effort and then ask "Have things magically changed, or will this fail?" I like to, when possible, jump on unsubstantiated accusations and ask for evidence, rather than argue about opinions. We can make progress by better applying the norm that accusations against people on LW need evidence and examples of at least possible wrongdoing. If the first explanation is even fairly likely, it's worth not suggesting suppressing a topic. Greater probability is not necessary.
1[anonymous]
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A tub of bathwater so dirty it's worth throwing out the baby?

Perhaps, if the baby is handed off to caring adopted parents and is freed from abusive, incompetent parents with dangerously substandard hygene practices.

(That's how the metaphor would represent the case in which individuals were saved from learning false lessons about human relationships here and were redirected elsewhere to learn lessons that were more useful. Not necessarily a position I am taking myself today, just describing.)

Let's wait and see.

2wedrifid
In the sense that it is held by many who have expressed their verdict, declared their intent to avoid all future conversations on the topic then done so? (I acknowledge 'many' as unsubstantiated, without caring enough to google for examples so acknowledge that those who haven't seen said many may not take my word for it. I'd be confident with troll many at least. Maybe even lots.)
0JoshuaZ
Interesting. I've seen some such discussions get quite bad but I've seen others where apparently calm rational discussion took place. It seems that sex and gender issues quickly move towards mind-killing territory but sits a bit further away than most issues normally thought of as mind-killing. So far the discussions in this thread seem well done and informative. I haven't seen any strong evidence of any serious problems arising yet.

Trouble is, when evident mind-killing and breakdown of polite discourse occurs, it is the less bad failure mode. In that case, it is at least clear that something went wrong. The really bad failure mode is when the discussion resembles a rational discourse, but is actually a horrible happy death spiral. In such situations, the conclusions may seem rational and informative, but are in fact awfully remote from reality, or at best right in a stopped-clock sort of way -- and the lack of discourse breakdown is interpreted as a successful exercise in rationality, whereas in fact it's merely because nobody stepped in to spoil the fun by trying to draw it closer to reality. (The latter, of course, is likely to cause mind-killing and discourse breakdown, thus making the messenger look like the guilty party.)

Hence the crystal healing analogy I made in another comment, which may sound extreme but is in fact, in my opinion, quite pertinent. In both cases, a volatile mix of biases, preconceptions, wishful thinking, etc. produces entirely spurious conclusions about how the world works and how to deal with it, which are then happily accepted in a self-congratulatory way, even though the process by which they were arrived at couldn't stand up to any intellectual scrutiny.

4HughRistik
That's my experience, too. I have seen progress being made in some of the discussions about gender, even though they can be frustrating. But perhaps I'm focusing on the exchanges that I was involved in.
3wedrifid
Also the topics you are interested in. Ethical issues related to gender are of particular interest to you so a conversation being derailed to ethical considerations are less pointless to you than to some.
-9[anonymous]
[-]Dallas220

It often seems that the very concept of making rational decisions relating to relationships is opposed by a gigantic cluster of memes designed to sacralize the concept of love as an arbitrary and unquestionable whim of narrative fiat.

For example, among rationalists, it's probably trivial to say that any given partner is very unlikely to be the best possible. That's really simple statistical inference. But to say that in other contexts signals that you are at best, a misanthrope, and at worst, Pure Evil.

How do we win against what seem to be cultural universals, assuming that we are constrained by currently available methods? I suppose with the above example, limiting ourselves to endogamy is probably the most feasible conclusion, which gives us the major downside of a small and widely dispersed pool of candidates, which trickles down into pure mediocrity to those in suburban and rural environments.

8Vaniver
Consider the secretary problem. One can argue that someone good enough that got selected is essentially best possible.
3wedrifid
One could even more correctly say that was the best possible selection of a secretary. They wouldn't even need to be equivocating on 'best possible' if they said it as a reply to Dallas in that case.
1Vaniver
That is a good way to word it.
2lessdazed
After being employed for a while, the secretary might become the best secretary possible by being familiar with the employer's habits and such.

leads me to believe that this topic deserves a monthly open discussion thread.

Monthly seems unnecessary. The MoR thread model seems more appropriate. Create a new thread when the last one has outlived its usefulness. Until then, search!

0[anonymous]
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6wedrifid
Only the slight awkwardness feeling I get when I see template postings that seem a little forced. I don't really mind if you make them. Do you, well, have something to say in this one? I was trying to think of what I could say and was coming up with "So, what are the absolute deal breakers that you just will not stand for in a relationship?" and "Does anyone else find that hair style strongly influences their degree of attraction to someone?"
4Alicorn
Style in particular not all that much, but I find that my "attraction" response is closely tied to my more generic "I want to touch that" response, so people who look pettable (not gelled or sprayed, not with completely shaved heads, who wash their hair, not with dreadlocks, etc. etc.) will tend to be more attractive than their less pettable counterparts.
0[anonymous]
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1Alicorn
Yes, do that. But also wash your hair and don't slather it in goop.
-2[anonymous]
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-1Alicorn
This may or may not work on you. If you want my opinion in particular, I would require visual data (i.e. a picture of you with and one without "boyishly mussed" hair).
-1[anonymous]
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1JAlfredPrufrock
You only cut your hair once every six months! Even if you sport a rather lengthy mane (which I'm assuming you do) once every six months seems way too infrequent.
0Zack_M_Davis
Six months isn't enough time to grow a lengthy mane! As I recall, it took much longer than that for me to grow my ponytail, and various internet sources confirm that hair grows at about six inches per year. (I haven't had a haircut since late 2006, but my hair seems to have maxed out in length some time ago.)
0JAlfredPrufrock
I wasn't saying that it would become lengthy in 6 months, but that any haircut which can be maintained for 6 months without a trim has to be a lengthy one. My understanding is that, to maintain healthy hair, it is recommended you get a trim once a month (for split ends and what not.) I keep my hair fairly short (clippers on the side, "finger" length on top) and get a trim once every few weeks (I taught myself how to cut my own hair to make this more convient and affordable. Also, my sister is a cosmetologist so she can fix any mistakes I make when I see her.) Though, now that I think about it, this is one of those cached thoughts that people ("experts") have told me, but I don't actually have hard evidence for.
0AdeleneDawner
In relation to the last bit, I suspect that the bit about 'healthy hair' is something in the cached thoughts/no evidence category. I haven't had a haircut in something like five years, and while my hair would probably look a bit better if the ends were trimmed to be even, there's nothing about it that seems unhealthy to me - the only noticeable change in that time is that it used to be wavy when it was short and straight when it was long, and now it's somewhat curly (more than just wavy) even though it's rather long. (I'm more inclined to attribute that to having moved to a more humid climate than to the lack of haircuts, especially given that I wasn't getting it cut particularly often even back when it was straight.) There could very easily be evidence that I don't know of, but it's a data point.
0ahartell
In the past I've had haircuts roughly that frequently. On the tail end my hair was a bit long but there wasn't any noticeable difference in romantic luck (not that there was ever very much to speak of).
0[anonymous]
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2wedrifid
Now me directing you to the edit doesn't make sense. Those questions are not to you or particularly a response to you at all. They are the brainstorming that I had done and considered posting before I replied to you. What does interest me is that someone actually say something about the relationships in this thread. Because so far it has all been talking about talking about relationships. Which is lame. The part of the 'Conversation Starter' role that is most valuable is that of leading the conversation as it begins so that it has a chance to get primed!
3[anonymous]
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3wedrifid
And fortunately not an intolerably irrational one just yet!
2wedrifid
Both less significant in the sense that it isn't a strong feeling and in that ugh fields represent a different kind of thing. They inhibit thinking about a topic rather than just being representations of a preference. In this case the feeling represents the thought "Why is someone starting a topic without having something to say about it? That's pointless." (You may have missed the completed version of the the grandparent. I insta-edited after posting.)
1[anonymous]
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-2[anonymous]
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1wedrifid
Does it apply to physique? (I'm trying to imagine how it applies to things that aren't eyelashes and grass here. I obviously have a less developed 'lush' concept!)
1[anonymous]
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7wedrifid
Is it a matter of being a little attracted to many people but you can't pick between them? Or that you know you are attracted to people but don't realise it at the time? Something else? This is a whole different world to me. I feel it as, well, damn near a literal pull. My body would move physically closer to them if I did not hold it pack. That said there were times long in the past (I hope) that I really didn't notice that I was attracted to someone until months after when I deduced it from my behavioural patterns. Have you tried going and making out with the people you may be attracted to? Usually a sure fire way to tell. This is partially, shall we say, "tongue in cheek".
2[anonymous]
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1Clarica
If it were me, I would diagnose one of three problems. Unreasonably high standards, high standards and low incidence, or standards and unrecognized fear of intimacy. I have trouble with the last two. My solution to both is to talk to new people I am attracted to physically more often. First impressions don't always go anywhere, but I need to increase my number of attempts.
0[anonymous]
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2Clarica
Have you considered an upper limit to your number of experiments, to settle for some optimal stopping point? Or some method to increase the quality of experimental subjects? Neither of these will resolve a fear of intimacy issue, of course! And I do hate to suggest someone alter their standards without knowing for myself that they are unreasonable.
0[anonymous]
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0Clarica
I don't know. For me, most of my life, I think I have been irrationally afraid of harm from the people I am interested in. In a PTSD sort of way, without any really traumatic experiences, that I know of. And for most of this time I have been very interested in having an intimate relationship. (I've had a few, all 'serious'.) And at the same time rarely attracted on a physical level, to anyone. Which is a problem that may resolve itself, for me, now that I acknowledge and work on the irrational parts of my fears, or it may not. I think this physical level is essential, and that my awareness of it has been hampered by my fears. Is this clear?
1[anonymous]
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0Clarica
I am absolutely not sure! And if my strategy for correcting my behavior in order to achieve my goals matches the optimal strategy for the actual problem, and achieved positive results, would it matter? I can see the advantage to a correct diagnosis if the optimal strategy had no positive benefits. I am not very familiar with the diagnostic criteria for sub-clinical OCD, but it would not surprise me to find out that I used to qualify, and may still. But it's not a big worry for me right now.
1wedrifid
Wow, I totally didn't spot the second possible meaning there!
1wedrifid
Definitely not! At least I assume he is talking about any aggressive support of ideas for reasons other than them being ideas based in reality.
0[anonymous]
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1wedrifid
Well, I personally don't go for 'voluptuous' specifically, although I've been attracted to (and followed up sexual relations with) those who are voluptuous and been more than satisfied. The snuggling is far superior! But no, I was referring to the Vlad, thing!

There seems to be a strong sense that a thread like this won't work. My question is: What would it look like if it did work? We seem to know where we don't want to go, but I don't have a clear idea of where we do want to go? What does winning look like?

0[anonymous]
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6JAlfredPrufrock
Letting advice seekers drive the discussion seems like a good idea, but I'm a little leery of the advice givers. Giving advice is fun and that makes it dangerous. Even if you have field tested it, external validity seems like a big problem here. There's enough heterogeneity in behavior that what works for me is not necessarily likely to work for you. That said, I don't have a better alternative, so why not try out this one.

I think that a monthly thread might be popular, but I'm not sure there's a reason to make it a regular feature. People can just make posts when they have something relevant that's worth saying.

9[anonymous]
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4atucker
Entirely agreed. I won't update the site on my relationship status if it involves making a new post just for me, but I'm much more willing to respond to a post already happening. Maybe this sort of gooey self-disclosure would be more fun in a Google hangout or something?
2[anonymous]
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7wedrifid
On the other side of similar instincts I have found that in order for a partner to trust me I must 'set boundaries' around things I don't even want boundaries about. "Politely and firmly standing up for myself" is not really about me and what I want but about claiming territory that she needs me to claim. Which I find a tad ironic but tolerable. I do select somewhat for people whose boundary-testing needs are compatible with my enjoyment. ETA: Standing up against things I don't care about doesn't feel incongruent or dishonest to me at all. Because people, particularly a sexual partner, doing things that I know they consider to be disrespectful of me really are something I have a boundary around. A glaring big uncompromising boundary.
6HughRistik
I think it's a matter of Schelling Points. For many people, their self-interest will gradually increase in an interaction with you in subtle ways (e.g. being late for things, being flaky on plans, being dramatic/insecure/tactless, etc...). They will slowly try to structure the interaction around their needs, until they run into a boundary set by you. I think this sort of behavior is totally normal for many personality types, male or female. I think the only types of people who don't do this kind of thing are some types of high-IQ nerds, introverts, and people with very high Agreeableness and/or low assertiveness. The tough part is that all these boundary-pushing behaviors start off small, and are generally unintentional, so it can be hard to figure out the right time to put your foot down without feeling like a jerk.

I created a related thread some time ago, if anyone wants to follow up on anything that was brought up there.

I have edited your article to capitalize my name.

4[anonymous]
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2Raemon
Why the hell was this downvoted?

I took a stab at defining the terms.

An intimate relationship is at least an exchange of trust and vulnerability. Other things of value can add stability to this transaction, if investment is balanced.

A Romance is an Intimate Relationship, PLUS.

-Potential which may turn into an intention to create ‘family’ with each other. -A ‘false’ impression that one is getting far more out of the relationship than one is putting in. (Any exchange can be evaluated rationally, but value received can not be predicted when receptivity and interest fluctuate.)