TL;DR: It is often the case that the behavior of intelligent/agentic entities (in this case, I'm mostly thinking about humans and things made of humans, like orgs, cultures, etc.) towards some X is not adequately described in terms of having beliefs about X. One reason for this is that their aliefs (~behavioral predispositions guided by some "reasons in the world") discord with their judgments (truth-oriented explicit thoughts / intellectual endorsements) discord/fail to cohere. Another reason is that even getting [[aliefs oriented towards some X] alone] or [[judgments oriented towards some X] alone] to cohere on their stance towards X is difficult, because the mind typically does not explicitly track all the epistemic/referential dependencies, and thus cannot invoke them on the spot to be available for coordinated revision.
(Beliefs are not special here. This is true of all mental elements that involve both abstract thought and contextually applied heuristic behavior[1], e.g., desires.)
(I'm writing this partly because most people I meet don't have this fragmented mind picture integrated in their thinking about other minds.)
When discussing whether an entity (e.g., a person/community/organization) "believes that X", it is helpful to split the notion of "belief" into two components.[2]
[...]
I.e., one believes that X iff one alieves that X and one judges that X.
An alief is, in [my short words], a predisposition to behave as if someone believed something, regardless of whether one actually believes that.[3] One illustrative example from the Gendler article that introduced the concept is a person being terrified to cross a glass walkway over a canyon, even though they're completely sure it's safe. Various traumas, PTSD symptoms, and learned emotional reactions are also good examples of this phenomenon. They are like heuristics, typically developed for "good reasons",[4] but also shallow, not explicitly/directly grounded in "representational content"/"explici