Do you do any other activities requiring physical coordination, such as martial arts, sports, juggling, yoga, etc.?
No.
What kinds of music do you enjoy listening to? Do any make you tap your feet or fingers?
I enjoy many kinds of music, including pop music like Katy Perry and Carly Rae Jepsen.
Can you readily identify the beat in a piece of music?
Sometimes. If there is no obvious bass, or if the pattern is not simple, I have difficulties.
Can you tell if a note is higher or lower than the previous one?
Yes.
...Do you find you learn better from dir
The good news is that most people (especially men) have absolutely no idea what they're doing on a dancefloor, so the bar for being seen as a good dancer by the general public is quite low. The bad news is that you can't think your way into being a good dancer, so you will have to practise.
The easiest way to develop dance skills is to take some sort of dance class. It doesn't really matter what kind, because they all involve the same transferrable meta-skills. If you're looking at developing improvised solo dancing skills, I'd recommend a solo vernacula...
I want to be able to dance at weddings and parties, but I don't know how to break this down into a sequence of learnable subskills. To pick just one step that's not obvious to non-musical me: how do I tell what kind of dance fits the music that is playing? Do any of you have advice on how to quickly achieve a minimum viable level of competence?
I'd recommend beginner swing lessons. You'll learn all the basic turns, the basics of leading, how to fit moves in to a basic step, how to time the dance to the music. Many places have an hour lesson followed by several hours of social dance for cheap.
Once you have these basic skills it's not too tough to learn new dances. Look up nightclub two step, that one works well with lots of types of music. I second blues dance lessons, though I don't really like blues. Learn basic jazz steps by looking up solo jazz routines and copying them.
I'm male, unfortunately.