All of willbradshaw's Comments + Replies

That's the old limit; it was changed last year. See e.g. this figure from Blatchley et al

2Davidmanheim
Seems like we still need to be be pushing for further regulatory changes. I saw a report from Kevin's lab that the limit for is 478 mJ/cm^2 per 8-hour day, and that ~5 minutes of light at around 100mJ/cm^2 kills ~99% of (bacterial) pathogens, whereas ~5 minutes at closer to 10mJ/cm^2 kills ~90% of (bacterial) pathogens, which means we would need a higher limit. Alternatively, the current limits seem to show that AlN LEDs at 210nm would be allowed to be much stronger than 222nm, (around double?) which seems like a good reason to try to work on improving them, rather than pushing for 222nm LEDs - or pushing for KrBr Excimer lamps at 208nm, though I understand they have other problems and aren't commercially viable at present. (Also, why is UVA is considered so much safer for eyes than far-UVC? It seems from basic skimming that it causes long-term retinal damage...)

Also, if I were going to put a UV lamp in an air duct, I wouldn't make it 222nm. IIRC other wavelengths (e.g. 254nm) are more effectively germicidal and are mainly bottlenecked by safety issues, which don't apply in this context.

I have a couple disagreements with this:

  1. Regarding regulatory approval, 222nm far UV-C irradiation is already legal (in the US) to levels that probably significantly reduce transmission (8-hour limit of 479 mJ/cm2 for skin). Various people I know think that the limits should be much higher, but even irradiation at current US limits seems very valuable -- & very safe -- to me.
  2. While KrCl lamps are expensive, I think this post overstates how unviable they are. I think an interested organisation could afford to install & run a bunch of these in an offic
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Roko100

479 mJ/cm2 for skin

Source for this? I see just 23 mJ/cm^2 given in this paper

3Roko
Well it depends how much UVC power you need. If a KrCl lamp with a bandpass filter is 2% efficient you can still run it at 500 Watts electrical and you have a 10-Watt source. 500 Watts electrical is totally feasible from standard electrical outlets (240 Volts @ 2 Amps), and electricity is cheap compared to the cost of lost productivity and the economic cost of death. I would be interested to hear from some more qualified people on what power density you really need for it to work.
5ChristianKl
It seems to me like hospitals would be the kind of organizations that care a lot about reducing infections. Is there any analysis about what a hospital could achieve if they deployed it everywhere in reducing hospital-acquired infections? Given the amount of money hospitals currently invest into keeping everything clean, they should be the kind of organizations that are first to adopt the technology even when it's relatively expensive.  When Googling I found that Amazon.com doesn't sell any of the KrCl lamps. https://www.waronflu.com/product/222-nm-krypton-chloride-krcl-40-watt-far-uvc-excimer-bulb-222nm-first-uvc-f-series-40w-far-uv-light-24v-dc/ seems to sell them directly. On aspect of the page is that they expect the lamps to work for 4000 hours. That means that you would likely have to reinstall new lamps every year which adds to costs.  It seems to me like that price should still be okay for health care applications. Health care applications just need more clinical evidence. Without patent protection the manufactors of the lamps likely don't have a good business model to pay for the lamps. Advances in lamp technology would have the nice benefit of producing a technology that can be defended with patents and thus making the business model work. 
1jp
It seems like a large amount of work of this post is being done by: Maybe the experts are thinking of large-scale deployments in schools, hospitals, airports, conference centers? I feel like numbers seem important.

I use Complice, so this is exciting news for me!

3MalcolmOcean
Awesome, let me know what you think of it!

Only admitting the mistake at comments and not in a more visible manner also doesn't feel like you treat it seriously enough. It likely deserves the same treatment as the mistakes on https://www.centreforeffectivealtruism.org/our-mistakes

For what it's worth, I do think this is probably a serious enough mistake to go on this page.

I admit I'm pretty unsure how my beliefs change as the % of PS5s grabbed by scalpers changes.

Like, the more PS5s scalpers get, the higher the time cost for anyone trying to buy at RRP in the short term, but the faster the scalpers will run through the population of people willing to pay high markups?

This is where I realise that I don't know how scalpers actually react to that situation – maybe for some reason they just drip-feed their PS5 hauls? Maybe (probably) they're more patient than most of the people trying to win drops, so they sell off their PS5s m... (read more)

2Timothy Underwood
The drip feed idea sounds really unlikely. The scalper is not a monopolist over the sales of PS5s, so he is accepting the market price, and can't raise it by unilaterally not offering supply. For that to happen the scalpers would need to coordinate.

As I said in my reply to Dave Orr above, I now suspect that my opinion on the goodness or badness here is probably dominated by the net effect on the deadweight loss of time. (I'm not sure how much I think this should be weighted by the economic and/or social value of each person's time.)

So my main questions now are (1) what is the net effect, and (2) what would the net effect be, if people were more rational about how much they value their time? (I'm also not sure how much the answer to (2) would change my view.)

It sounds like you think the answer to (1) ... (read more)

Just to check I understand this, this is roughly the same objection as my (b) above, right?

If so, I think this is plausible, though I'm not sure how bad it is. I think the overall badness would mainly depend on the total effect on the deadweight loss of wasted time.

(I also think that most people who can afford a PS5 should probably value their time much more than they do, but that's a different story.)

There's currently a global shortage in computer chips, which limits the amount of PS5s that can be manufactured. Presumably Sony is churning them out as fast as it can (see e.g. sxae's comment elsewhere) but that is slower than everyone would like.

The recent extreme shortage was also caused in part by trade disruptions due to the Ever Given crisis, but I assume that'll work its way out of the system fairly soon.

Thanks for this. I agree that it's plausibly rational of Sony not to raise the RRP here.

Presumably the retailers would love to increase the price here, but they ain't the ones setting the RRP...

it's possible they're enjoying a situation where demand is so high that there's arbitrage to be done

Could you clarify what you mean by arbitrage here? What arbitrage is available to Sony in this situation?

Sure, I agree that reselling will become less and less important as supply increases – presumably the prices of PS5s on eBay will fall as supply increases, until it's close enough to the RRP that reselling is no longer profitable.

In fact, my argument above depends, among other things, on demand increasing much more slowly than supply.

What I'm interested in here is whether, given the current (temporary) shortage, these kinds of reselling practices are actually (temporarily) harmful.

(Insofar as upgrading your gaming console later than you wanted is harmful.)

Yeah, it seems extremely easy to incorporate this into a pro-school model, and I'm confused as to why someone might think it isn't.

Like, if you think school is actually good (on average), of course you think that finding a way to let kids not miss school is plausibly good.

Presumably the fact that kids miss out on the joy of snow is a cost, which is why I only said "plausibly good" above, but now we're arguing about the optimal trade-off, at which point we're firmly in Policy Debates Should Not Appear One-Sided territory.

Yeah, I can imagine this being useful. One does sometimes encounter cases where unclear preferences lead to accidentally skipping endorsedly-best tasks.

I haven't used it for that, but it sounds like a good application; and in this case, you only need to select one thing, so you can do it memorylessly (just keep your finger on the active dish).

Can you clarify your question? I started writing a response, but then realised I wasn't sure if I was interpreting it correctly.

2A Ray
Sure! It seems like the prerequisite assumptions are likely to be violated sometimes (in general most assumptions aren't total rules). My question is about the rate of violations to this prerequisite assumption. A few ways to cut at it (feel free to answer just one or none of them): * When going through a list subsequent times, how often do you notice/feel internally that your views on a past item have shifted? * How often do you make a new list and start the process anew, even though you have an existing list that could be continued on? * How often do you go back and erase or modify marks on a list while using this process? I think I find my internal experience (and relation to stuff on my to-do list) changes pretty significantly over the course of a day.
3philh
I interpreted it as... suppose the items are, in order: play video games, rearrange furniture, work out. That's the reverse of the order I want to do them in right now, so I mark them all and go work out. Then after working out, I'm supposed to rearrange furniture. But if I started from scratch here, I'd want to play games first, to rest. How often does that sort of thing happen?

Right, for a single pass it's a find-the-maximum-element algorithm in O(n).

I think if you eventually do every task on the list it's equivalent to sorting the list? But this basically never happens to me. 

Presumably intermediate states (doing e.g. half the items) is of intermediate efficiency? But my grasp of the underlying theory here is pretty weak.

Answer by willbradshaw100

It's not often I see someone claim that the US medical regulation system is too lax.

The AstraZeneca vaccine was halted in the US for a month on the basis of a single, potential adverse event. Huge numbers of lives were on the line, and the US regulators were willing to hold up one of the frontrunner vaccine candidates for weeks on the basis of the faintest hint of unsafety.

There might be long-term adverse effects of the vaccine we don't know about, though no-one I've heard speak about vaccines seems to think these are likely to be severe; most vaccines are... (read more)

This sounds like it could work. I might well try this. Thanks!

At least partially it seems like part of the benefit of the system forces you to look at and confront things that you've been trying to avoid.

Definitely agree with this.

In my own life and also in my work as a procrastination coach, I've found these sorts of methods that through brute force cause you to have to look at things you're avoiding often have a shelf-life. Eventually, it seems like people's avoidance mechanisms reassert themselves through meta-avoidance like avoiding using the technique, or avoiding adding certain items to your list.

I'm curious ho

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3Brendan Heisler
Sometimes I have to let a to-do item sit for a while before I can be more real with myself about why it's important. FVP still seems like the best way of tackling such things because the structure lends itself to creating mental leverage in easy, but noticeable, ways. Maybe a small change like writing a number next to each item list representing the number of days it's been on the list would help draw your focus to items that have been lingering a long time. Just start by writing 0 next to a new list item, and adding 1 to the number next to any list item that gets substantially repeated from the previous day. You don't necessarily have to feel bad about list items that have large numbers next to them, but a larger number can create extra weight for prioritizing it. Another reason this might work is that, much like Space Repetition Systems (SRS) used in reviewing e.g. information on flashcards, there is some logic to dropping cards that you have difficulty incorporating into memory after a certain number of times failing to incorporate it. The logic is that that particular piece of information is either not as relevant to the rest of the set (hard to form associations with "nearby" information), not as relevant to your own interests, or simply too difficult for you at that moment in time. Programs for doing SRS flashcard reviews include code to stop showing those cards again, and you have to manually specify to put them back into the review stack. Basically, it's a sideloop to identify things that actually do require more conscious processing without clogging the rest of the process, which seems to be the main point of FVP. Combining the two prior points, if you track the number of days on the list, you could have a hard cutoff, like 14, where you take that item off the list altogether. Not sure how to reincorporate it in a streamlined way, though. Having a separate list and maintaining two of them seems onerous.

Mark Forster (who originated the technique) puts a lot of emphasis on the exact phrasing of the question you use to decide between tasks. I'm sceptical that it's all that important; I think it's fine to experiment with different phrasings and see what works for you. There might even be benefits to switching up the exact phrasing from time to time, e.g. to keep you focused and agent-y while doing it.

After using the technique extensively, it's become more of a nonverbal feeling for me than an explicit question. It's nontrivial for me to exactly describe the ... (read more)

Worth noting that there's a new expanded version coming out next(?) year.

Not sure how that should affect first-time players, but I'm delaying a replay until it comes out.

2Ben Pace
+1

A major quibble with a minor point:

[The first patents were for restaurants, giving them exclusive rights for a year to new dishes they invented.]

According to Wikipedia, this is not true for patents in Europe, nor for patents in English-style common law, nor for patents in English-speaking North America, nor for patents in the USA.

The Wikipedia article on the history of patent law doesn't even mention the word "restaurant", nor indeed "food". In general it seems like the concept of patent has meant roughly what it currently does for many centuries.

What's your source for this claim?

3Vaniver
I first heard it... in a talk, I think? Which is where I picked up the narrower claim of "restaurants" over the more broad claim that you can find in the entry on Sybaris from A Classical Dictionary, which states: That source I found from the Wikipedia page on patents, which I why I trusted my memory of the talk enough to include it in the OP. The other source Wikipedia cites is more direct:

I don't have especially strong feelings on the functional aspects of the new layout, but I do find the white-on-grey colour scheme quite dramatically more ugly than the old white-on-white scheme. I thought the old look was unusually elegant for a website and am sad that the site is now so much less pleasant to look at.

3Ben Pace
I also think it's substantially lessened certain things that felt aesthetically pleasing. That said I had permanently changed my habits to instead use our staging server (lessestwrong.com) because for me the difference in eye-strain was so dramatic. I expect we'll find ways to build a strong aesthetic with this theme, so I'm not too worried about the local change on that dimension being fairly negative.
3habryka
Feedback appreciated. I share some of that (though I presumably have less of a strong reaction to this than you do, since otherwise I would have designed something else). I've been creating lots of drafts and gathering ideas to make things feel more aesthetically pleasing, so I hope I can address this over the coming months.

The dispute here, then, is whether doxing is a concept like murder[1] (with intent built into the definition) or homicide (which is defined solely by the nature of the act and its consequences).

I think it is useful to have a general word for "publicly revealing personal information about someone without/against their consent in a manner that is likely to foreseeably damage them". Calling that thing "doxing", and saying that doxing is generally bad unless you have a very compelling reason, seems more useful to me than restricting the use of "doxing" to mali

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3Bucky
I feel like we're still talking past each other a bit here. I don't dispute that doxxing can mean any revealing of information about someone, it could be used even when no foreseeable damage is implied and someone just wanted to remain private. The strict definition is not the question. The non-central fallacy is when a negative affect word is used to describe something where the word is technically true but the actual thing should not have that negative affect associated with it. Martin Luther King fits the definition of a criminal but the negative affect of the word criminal (the reasons why crimes are bad) shouldn't apply to him. The problem I have using "dox" here is that some portion of the word's negative affect doesn't (or at least might not) apply in this case. An alternative phrasing would be "reveal Scott's true identity" or, to be snappier, "unmask Scott" which are more neutral. dontdoxscottalexander.com's title is Don't De-Anonymize Scott Alexander which I think is better than my ideas.

I don't think I agree that a central example of doxxing requires intent to do harm. I think if you carelessly reveal, say, someone's home address on the internet, you have doxxed them. If the person first asks you not to, and you do it anyway in spite of them, then the fact that you didn't intend to do harm seems fairly irrelevant to me. I don't buy the intend/foresee distinction at the best of times, and this one seems especially shaky.

Revealing someone's name against their will isn't as bad as revealing their address or workplace or so on, but it seems close enough in spirit that I don't think splitting hairs over the definition of doxxing is very useful.

2Bucky
I think its hard to argue that a central example of doxxing doesn't involve intent to cause harm. The central example I think in most people's minds would be something like the hit list of abortion providers or anonymous. Wikipedia has a list of examples of doxxing  - a rough count suggests ~13/15 involve providing information about someone ideologically opposed to the doxxer (confirming intent is more difficult). The non-centrality here isn't as extreme as it is in, say, "Martin Luther King was a criminal" but it is there. On the relevance of the distinction, yes, I do think it is important. I would support different responses to the NYT depending on whether I thought they were acting out of a desire to endanger/silence Scott or were following a journalistic norm in a way I considered wrong.

I fear the growing Twitter storm will have the same effect, even if successful.

2[anonymous]
Did a cursory look through Twitter and found several critical accounts spreading it, so as gilch said, it's already happening to an extent :/
gilch150

It has already happened. I checked.

I’ve tried to keep my last name secret. I haven’t always done great at this, but I’ve done better than “have it get printed in the New York Times“.

It's not like his real name was ungoogleable before. The determined could find him (and have). Therefore, I expect a few tweets from nobodies would likely remain obscure when this blows over. Do not amplify them when you see them. Ignore. But a NYT article is a bigger deal.

How much rioting is actually going on in the US right now?

If you trust leftist (i.e. most US) media, the answer is "almost none, virtually all protesting has been peaceful, nothing to see here, in fact how dare you even ask the question, that sounds suspiciously like something a racist would ask". 

If you take a look on the conservative side of the veil, the answer is "RIOTERS EVERYWHERE! MINNEAPOLIS IS IN FLAMES! MANHATTEN IS LOST! TAKE YOUR KIDS AND RUN!"

So...how much rioting has there actually been? How much damage (very roughly)? How many deaths? A

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2Charlie Steiner
I don't know much about nationally, but I know that locally there's been none to indetectable rioting, some amount of looting from opportunistic criminals / idiot teenagers (say, 1 per 700 protesters) and a less than expected but still some cop/protester violence that could look like rioting if you squint.

Interestingly, Other Minds (a recent popular science book about cephalopods) seems to mostly put credence in non-adaptive theories, and indeed has a very nice general exposition of these theories (the section of the book after the passages I quote in that link talks at length about octopus semelparity).

I don't believe it.

  1. The Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products doesn't exactly scream "credible source" to me. My honest inclination is to ignore this paper and wait to see if the theory pops up somewhere more reputable. I somewhat doubt it, since this paper gives off pretty strong crank vibes.
  2. Even if we ignore the credibility signals, the paper doesn't show any effect of DDW on lifespan. The fact that they make claims about geroprotective effects without looking at lifespan is a big red flag. The paper is also just pretty bad and unconvi
... (read more)

I'm not sure about this. I have to think about it.

But that sort of thing is pretty rare, so the claim that it happens in a particular species with no such obvious mechanism (or indeed in practically all animals) is a little harder to swallow.

I think it's important that the AP theory holds even if the early-life gain is very small and the late-life cost is very large; that should broaden the list of potential ways to achieve that trade-off.

More generally, the idea of antagonistic pleiotropy as a general phenomenon doesn't seem that surprising to me: trade-offs are everywhere in biology, and if one side

... (read more)

Cells don't just die of nothing. Their deaths have causes: causes like telomere attrition, genomic instability, cellular senescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, or loss of proteostasis.

The paper is not trying to enumerate every thing that changes for the worse with age (it doesn't include immunosenescence, for example, even though that's among the most important systemic changes you see with age). It's trying to distill down to a list of things that cannot be adequately reduced to other processes.

2ChristianKl
You don't need an increased amount of cell deaths for the cell deaths to become an issue without regeneration. I would expect that some cells regularly die to all kinds of injury.

Isn't it fairly obvious why juveniles are smaller? They have to fit inside the mother, or inside an egg which had to fit inside the mother. Even if the egg could potentially grow, you're limited by the energy reserves you started with until you hatch and find more. Staying in the egg also seems very dangerous (can't hide or run away from predators, can't move away if temperature/water/etc levels aren't good, etc).

I can't tell whether or not your second paragraph is disagreeing with anything I said in my post.

Antagonistic pleiotropy is certainly plausible in the abstract, but it's not obvious how it would work in humans.

Are you suggesting antagonistic pleiotropy is particularly non-obvious in humans (vs other animals), or that it's non-obvious generally but you particularly care about humans? This isn't directly related to your question, I'm just curious.

Something like tissue repair, for instance, is obviously beneficial in old age but it's hard to see how it would be harmful early on.

This sentence confuses me. Why would you expect it to be harmful early

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1ChristianKl
It seems to me unclear why loss of neurons and muscle cells which both are not much newly generated in human adults are not on that list. It would surprise me if the same wouldn't be true for a bunch of other cell types as well.
3ErickBall
As far as proof that it can happen in general, I found the example of animals that live just long enough to reproduce pretty convincing. Salmon don't live more than about four years, but it's quite clear how they gain a fitness advantage from dying after they spawn. But that sort of thing is pretty rare, so the claim that it happens in a particular species with no such obvious mechanism (or indeed in practically all animals) is a little harder to swallow. I guess I put this sort of backwards. I meant that I would expect a mutation that causes tissue repair function to degrade with age to decrease fitness (slightly) overall, since there's no obvious connection to some beneficial effect earlier in life. Same with heart disease, sarcopenia, etc.

Speaking for the intuition of wear and tear, it does seem surprising to me that an "embedded repair system" has enough redundancy to not get worn down by the real world.

I think this is a priori reasonable, but we do have existence proofs of animals that don't seem to age. Even if you think (say) naked mole rats are probably ageing a bit (just too slowly for us to detect on the timescales of our experiments) that doesn't address why all other rodents don't age at the same (very low) rate. I don't think wear-and-tear will get you anywhere when trying to a

... (read more)
1Pongo
Thanks, that argument makes sense. I see my bones example didn't really work. I wasn't trying to claim that is in fact how bones work, but to point at a way an organic structure could be built that would make repairs hard. For example, cut-and-cover is a great way to construct utility lines and metros, but you can't really do it anymore once you have lots of underground structure in place

Yup, agreed.

(Unless you're interested in how that kind of influencing is done, in which case it might make a useful case study.)

Remember, it's not that they're immortal, it's just that their chance-of-dying-per-unit-time stays flat; that still implies that the number of survivors drops off exponentially over time.

This is true, but does still raise the question of what exactly these 30-year-old mole rats are dying of. They barely get cancer, they don't seem to have high baseline rates of the kinds of intrinsic causes of death you see in humans (heart disease etc.), and in captivity they're not exposed to predation or starvation, so...inter-mole violence? Status anxiety?

According

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3johnswentworth
Thanks, that's the right question to ask and some great info on it.

I agree with other commenters that this is a non-issue unless a post is high-karma or curated, in which case unlisting it would be a bad idea and it should get a disclaimer instead. I'm pretty strongly opposed to "editing the record" in the way you describe in the OP.

(Less opposed to suggestions 2 and 3, though they don't seem terribly useful.)

I think I would claim that the semipolitical fluff is probably the most valuable part of the book. In terms of moving the needle on mainstream acceptance, having a Harvard professor say fairly directly that "ageing is bad and we should cure it" is something I'd expect to make a significant difference.

3johnswentworth
Yeah, to be clear, semipolitical fluff is often valuable, and I agree that that's likely the case here. But I don't expect LWers to find anything new or interesting in that part of the book, nor is anything interesting there about how aging works. It's for a different audience and a different purpose.

Nice.

Edited to add:

For the same reason, please correct me if I am going against guidelines or acting in a way which is unusual on LessWrong.

This is a great comment and I upvoted it.

Answer by willbradshaw120

I'm currently in the process of trying to convert a preprint into a journal article (and another draft into a preprint), so this is very near-mode for me right now. Restricting my comments to points where I can add something over the other answers (or disagree with them):

  • 1. I personally quite like 2-column PDFs. At the very least they are far preferable to 1-column PDFs. :-P

  • 2. Yes, but a lot of it is pretty important work. I'm generally the plots guy in my collaborations, so a lot of the extra work is coming up with the best visualisations I can for

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The Open Science Foundation has a whole pile of arXivs, most of which nobody has ever heard of.

From the Center for Health Security's covid19 brief:

PANAMA IMPLEMENTS GENDER-SPECIFIC SOCIAL DISTANCING In an effort to further enforce nationwide social distancing measures, Panama recently announced that it is implementing gender-specific rules for when people can leave their homes. Women will be allowed to be outside on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, and men will be allowed on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays. On Sundays, everyone must remain indoors.

More info here. Maybe someone was listening to Scott's surname-based lockdown suggestion.

I'd appreciate knowing why someone downvoted this.

2Jay Molstad
Me too. If there's something wrong with my plan, I'd prefer to find out the easy way.

Sorry, I think these comments came across as more aggressive than I was intending. I think there's mutual confusion/talking at cross-purposes here. I'm not sure it's worth digging into too much since I'm not sure there's actually any decision-relevant disagreement, so feel free to disregard the following (uh, even more than usual) if you don't fancy digging into this further. :-)


I'm not sure why you think I do.

From my perspective, my confusion arises from the following:

  1. You included basic coronavirus biology on something called a LessWrong coronaviru
... (read more)

Okay, but those are textbook chapters. If you're looking for those I recommend Chapter 28 of Fields Virology, 6th edition (similar information to Fehr & Perlman, better presentation, somewhat more comprehensive).

But do you really think LessWrong should be going for something more comprehensive than that? I don't really see the value in that, as opposed to getting a smart-person's-summary that links to more comprehensive resources.

2Elizabeth
...no, for the reasons you state. And I'm not sure why you think I do. Having found those I wasn't planning on actively searching for a better answer (although I'm looking forward to checking out both the chapter you recommend and the posts you are writing).

What is the basic science of coronavirus? E.g. this guide is trying, but requires more background knowledge than ideal and leaves a lot out.

It's very unclear to me how you can simultaneously overcome both "requires more background knowledge than ideal" and "leaves a lot out", at least without just giving someone a stack of textbooks to read.

I'm like ~2/3 of the way through writing a post on coronavirus structure, which might turn into a series of posts on coronavirus biology if I have time, and this is actually pretty hard. The amount of background know

... (read more)
6Elizabeth
I ended up being pretty happy with both of the following, although neither was complete. * Medical Microbiology Chapter 57: Coronaviruses (less technical of the two, although still aimed at biologists) * Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis

Last month, NIAID RML released an album of SEM and TEM images of SARS-CoV-2. This includes the multi-coloured image everybody is using but also a lot of other very striking images. Check it out!

Answer by willbradshaw50

In my post on hand washing David Mannheim did a quick estimate suggesting that the time costs of handwashing more often would roughly break even, based only on the expected work time saved from not getting colds. That's before factoring in effects of your cleanliness on the health of other people, the physical unpleasantness of being sick, or any diseases other than common colds. So my guess is that the cost-benefit analysis of having better hand hygiene is strongly positive even on a normal year; even more so when you take into account the small chance of

... (read more)
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