thakil comments on Fallacies of reification - the placebo effect - Less Wrong
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Note that I don't believe this is limited to cancer trials. Ethical considerations mean that in any situation where a treatment is known to be effective, withholding it would be wrong, so the most effective drug must be competed with. In addition, the goal of a new drug is to be better than its competitors, and comparing it to a placebo wouldn't help with this