There's probably some books by Dan Dennett that the LW articles that deal with philosophy of mind drew from, but I've mostly been exposed to Dennett through articles, like Intentional Systems and Eliminate the Middletoad!

On evolution, essential reading is The Selfish Gene.

On heuristics and biases, Thinking Fast and Slow (the first half, at least), and Dan Ariely's books are good reads.

I'm not aware of anything similar to the sequences in terms of intersection of Bayesianism, heuristics and biases, and trying to teach how to think about confusing things. Unfortunately.