(I have a lot of disagreements with everyone lol, but I appreciate Ryan putting some money where his mouth is re/ blue sky alignment research as a broad category, and the acknowledgement of "rather than the ideal 12-24 months" re/ "connectors".)

[Edited a bit for clafity]
 

(To clarify: I co-founded and led PIBBSS since 2021, but stepped down from leadership in June this year to work with davidad's on the Safeguarded AI programme. This means I'm no longer in charge of executive & day-to-day decisions at PIBBSS. As such, nothing of what I say below should be taking as authoritative source about what PIBBSS is going to do. I do serve on the board.)

Ryan -  I appreciate the donation, and in particular you sharing your reasoning here. 

I agree with a lot of what you write. Especially "connectors" (point 2) and bringing in relatively more senior academics from non-CS/non-ML fields (point 3) are IMO things that are valuable and PIBBSS has a good track record for delivering on. 

Regarding both your point 1 and reservation 1 (while trying to abstract a bit from the fact that terms like 'blue sky' research are somewhat fuzzy,  and that I expect at least some parts of a disagreement here might turn out to disappear when considering concrete examples), I do think there has been some change in PIBBSS'  research thinking & prioritization which has been unfolding in my head since summer 2023, and finding its way more concretely into PIBBSS' strategy since the start of 2024. Lucas is the best person to talk to this in more detail, but I'll still share a few thoughts that were on my mind back when I was still leading PIBBSS. 

I continue to believe that there is a lot of value to be had in investigating the underlying principles of intelligent behaviour (what one might refer to as blue sky or basic research), and to do so with a good dose of epistemic pluralism (studying such intelligent behaviour from/across a range of different systems, substrates and perspectives). I think this is a or the core aspect of the PIBBSS spirit. However, after the first 2 years of PIBBSS, I also wasn't entirely happy with our concrete research outputs. I thought a lot about what's up here (first mainly by myself, and later together with Lucas) and about how to do better - all the while staying true to the roots/generators/principles of PIBBSS, as I see them. 

One of the key axis of improvement we've grown increasingly confident about is what we sometimes refer to as "bridging the theory-practice gap". I'm pretty bullish on theory(!) -- but theory alone is not the answer.  Theory on its own isn't in a great position to know where to go next/what to prioritise, or whether it's making progress at all. I have seen many theoretical threads that felt intriguing/compelling, but failed to bottom out in something tangibly productive because they were lacking feedback loops that help guide them, and that would force them to operationalise abstract notions into something of concrete empirical and interventionist value. (EDIT: 'interventionist' is me trying to point to when a theory is good enough to allow you to intervene in the world or design artifacts in such a way that they reliably lead to what you intended.)

This is not an argument against theory, in my eyes, but an argument that theorizing about intelligent behaviour (or any given phenomena) will benefit a lot from having productive feedback loops with the empirical.  As such, what we've come to want to foster at PIBBSS is (a) ambitious, 'theory-first' AI safety research, (b) with an interdisciplinary angle, (c) that is able to find meaningful and iterative empirical feedback loops. It's not so much that a theoretical project that doesn't yet have a meaningful way of making contact with reality should be disregarded -- and more than a key source of progress for said project will be to find ways of articulating/operationalising that theory, so that it starts making actual (testable) predictions about a real system and can come to inform design choices.

These updates in our thinking led to a few different downstream decisions. One of them was trying to have our fellowship cohort have include some empirical ML profiles/projects (I endorse roughly a 10-15% fraction, similar to what Joseph suggests). Reasons for this are, both, that we think this work is likely to be useful, and also because it changes (and IMO improves) the cohort dynamics (compared to, say, 0-5% ML). That said, I agree that once going above 20%, I would start to worry that something essential about the PIBBSS spirit might get lost, and I'm not excited about that from an ecosystem perspective (given that e.g. MATS is doing what it's doing). 

Another downstream implication (though it's somewhat earlier days for PIBBSS on that one) is that I've become pretty excited about trying to help move ambitious ideas from (what I call) an 'Idea Readiness Level' (IDL; borrowing from the notion of 'Technology Readiness Levels') 1-3, to an IDL of 5-7. My thinking here is that once an idea/research agenda is at IDLs 5-7, it typically has been able to enter the broader epistemic discourse, it has some initial legible evidence/output it can rely on to making its own case -- and at that point I would say it no longer is in the area where PIBBSS has the greatest comparative advantage to support it. On the other hand, I think there isn't much (if any) obvious places where IDL 1-3 ideas get a chance to get iterate on quickly and stress-tested to develop into a more mature & empirically grounded agenda. (I think the way we were able to support Adam Shai & co in developing the computational mechanics agenda is a pretty great example of this use case I'm painting here -though notably their ideas were already relatively mature compared to other things PIBBSS might ambitiously help to mature.) 

I'd personally be very excited for a PIBBSS that becomes excellent at filling that gap, and think PIBBSS has a bunch of the necessary ingredients for that already. I see this as a potentially critical investment in medium term robustness of the research ecosystem, and into what i think is an undeniable need to come to base AI Safety on rigorous scientific understanding. (Though notably Lucas/Dusan, PIBBSS' new leadership, might disagree & should have a chance to speak for themselves here.) 

Clem here - I was fellowship lead this year and have been a research affiliate and mentor for PIBBSS in the past. Thanks for posting this.  As might be expected in my position, I'm much more bullish than you / most people on what is often called "blue sky" research. Breakthroughs in the our fundamental understanding of agency, minds, learning etc. seem valuable in a range of scenarios, not just in world dominated by an "intelligence explosion". In particular, I think that this kind of work (a) benefits a huge amount from close engagement with empirical work, and (b) itself is very likely to inform near-future prosaic work. Furthermore, I feel that progress on these questions is genuinely possible, and is made significantly more likely with more people working on it from as many perspectives as possible. 

This said, I think two things you say under "reservations" I strongly agree with, and have some comments on.

> I encourage PIBBSS to “embrace the weird,” albeit while maintaining high academic standards for basic research, modelled off the best basic science institutions.

There are worlds where furthering our understanding of deeply confused basic concepts that underpin everything else we do isn't considered "the weird", but given that we're not in these worlds I have to agree. One big issues I see here is that doing this well requires marrying the better parts of academic culture with the better parts of tech / rationality culture (and yes, for this purpose I place those in the same bucket). Some of the places that I think do this best - e.g google's paradigms of intelligence team - have a culture / belief system somewhat incompatible with EA. It's worth noting that people often pursue basic questions for very different reasons.

> I strongly encourage PIBBSS to publicly post and seek feedback on their applicant selection and research prioritization processes, so that the AI safety ecosystem can offer useful insight (and benefit from this).

I think this is actually really important, and it's not something that I think PIBBSS does very well currently. One thing I would note is that, for reasons sketched above, I think it's important that the AI safety ecosystem aren't the only people interacting with this. One thing that's holding things back here is, in my view, a venue for this kind of research whose scope is, primarily, the basic research. This is not to say that the relevance and impact for safety shouldn't be a primary concern in research prioritisation - I think it very much should be - but I do think this can be done in a way that is more compatible with academic norms (at least those academic norms that are worth upholding). 

It seems that PIBBSS might be pivoting away from higher variance blue sky research to focus on more mainstream AI interpretability. While this might create more opportunities for funding, I think this would be a mistake. The AI safety ecosystem needs a home for “weird ideas” and PIBBSS seems the most reputable, competent, EA-aligned place for this! I encourage PIBBSS to “embrace the weird,” albeit while maintaining high academic standards for basic research, modelled off the best basic science institutions.

I was a recent PIBBSS mentor, and am a mech interp person who is likely to be considered mainstream by many people and for this reason I wanted to push back on this concern.

A few thoughts:

• I don't want to put words in your mouth but I do want to clarify that we shouldn't conflate having some mainstream mech interp and being only mech interp. Importantly, to my knowledge, there is very little chance of PIBBSS entirely doing mech interp, and so I think the salient question is should they have "a bit" (say 5-10% of scholars) do mech interp (which is likely more than they used to). I would advocate for a steady state proportion of between 10 - 20%, see further points for detail). 
• In my opinion, the word "mainstream" suggests redundancy and brings to mind the idea that "well this could just be done at MATS". There are two reasons I think this is inaccurate. 
  • First, PIBBSS is likely to accept mentees who may not get into MATS / similar programs. Mentees with diverse background and possibly different skillsets. In my opinion, this kind of diversity can be highly valuable and bring new perspectives to mech interp (which is a pre-paradigmatic field in need of new takes).  I'm moderately confident that to the extent existing programs are highly selective, we should expect diversity to suffer in them (if you take the top 10% by metrics like competence, you're less likely to get the top 10% by diversity of intellectual background). 
  • Secondly, I think there's a statistical term for this but I forget what it is. PIBBSS being a home for weird ideas in mech interp as much as weird ideas in other areas of AI safety seems entirely reasonable to me. 
• I also think that even some mainstream mech interp (and possible other areas like evals) should be a part of PIBBSS because it enriches the entire program:
  • My experience of the PIBBSS retreat and subsequent interactions suggests that a lot of value is created by having people who do empirical work interact with people who do more theoretical work. Empiricists gain ideas and perspective from theorists and theoretical researchers are exposed to more real world observations second hand. 
  • I weakly suspect that some debates / discussions in AI safety may be lopsided / missing details via the absence of sub-fields. In my opinion it's valuable to sometimes mix up who is in the room but likely worse in expectation to always remove mech interp people (hence my advocacy for 10 - 20% empiricists, with half of them being interp). 

Some final notes:

• I'm happy to share details of the work my scholar and I did which we expect to publish in the next month.
• I'll be a bit forward and suggest that if you (Ryan) or any other funders find the arguments above convincing then it's possible you might want to further PIBBSS and ask Nora how PIBBSS can source a bit more "weird" mech interp, a bit of mainstream mech interp and some other empirical sub-fields for the program. 

I'll share this in the PIBBSS slack to see if other's want to comment :) 

Hi! Thanks for the kind words and for sharing your thought process so clearly! I am also quite happy to see discussions on PIBBSS' mission and place in the alignment ecosystem, as we have been rethinking PIBBSS outbound comms since the introduction of the board and executive team.

Regarding the application selection process:

Currently (scroll down to see stages 1-4), it comes down to having a group of people who understand PIBBSS (in addition to the Board, this would be alumni, mentors, and people who have worked with PIBBSS extensively before) looking through CVs, Letters of motivation, and later work trials in the form of research proposals and research consolidation. After that, we do interviews and mentor-matching and then make our final decision. This has so far worked for our scope (as we grew in popularity, we also raised our bar, so the number of people passing the first selection stage has stayed the same through the past two years). So, it works, but if we were to scale the Fellowship (not obvious if we would like to do so) this system would need to become more robust. For Affiliates, the selection process is different, focusing much more on a proven track record of excellent research, and due to very few positions we can offer, it is currently a combination of word-of-mouth recommendations, and very limited public rounds. This connects with the project we started internally, “Horizon Scanning”, which makes reports on different research agendas and finds interesting researchers in the field which may make for great Affiliates. The first report should be out in the next month, so we will see how this interacts and how useful the reports are to the community (and to the fields which we hope to bridge with AI Safety). Again, as we scale, this will require rethinking.

Thank you again for the write-up and your support! Huge thanks also to all the commenters here; we really appreciate the thoughtful discussion!

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