I naturally rarely think in words unless I'm constructing a verbal artifact (speaking, writing, planning what to speak/write, daydreaming conversations, etc).

But I've recently began to occasionally deliberately think in words, after writing made me appreciate that verbal algorithms can be helpful for focusing attention and enforcing rigor. However, verbal thinking feels inefficient in other ways (less tolerant of ambiguity, trapped to the ontology of language, single-threaded, etc), and it would be extremely annoying if I had to have an inner monologue all the time, even if I could think nonverbally "around" it.

I have also been fascinated with this question for a long time and have been polling people since middle school. Consistent with the results of this Twitter poll I recently ran, more than half the people I've personally asked report that they think primarily in words. (Several people have weakened the claim when I asked them more probing questions, like whether they think in words while doing math. Some people who normally "think in words" don't think verbally while doing math, but others have to.)

Very interestingly, many people disbelieve that I don't think in words, as they are unable to imagine how it would be possible to think at all without words.

I think I'm like >95th percentile on verbal-ness of thoughts.  I feel like almost all of my thoughts that aren't about extremely concrete things in front of me or certain abstract systems that are best thought of visually are verbal, and even in those cases I sometimes think verbally.  Almost all of the time, at least some words are going through my head, even if it's just random noise or song lyrics or something like that.  I struggle to imagine what it would be like to not think this way, as if I feel like many propositions can't be easily represented in an image.  For example, if I think of an image of a dog in my home, this could correspond to the proposition "there is a dog in my home" or "I wish there were a dog in my home" or "I wish there weren't a dog in my home" or "This is the kind of dog that I would have if I had a dog."

Yes I have an internal monologue, but it's mostly text+emotion based, with occasional images. Like a telepathic chatroom rather than a voice chat.

Can you "turn off" your verbal thought and does it cause any discomfort?

I probably could if I tried hard enough but I think it would probably be destabilizing to my mental state.

Is there a difference between thinking conceptually and visually?

Yeah I think so? Sometimes a message to myself will have an image and that's a very different experience than a pure conceptual message, which is again different from my normal mash of text+concept.

What sort of things do you comment on to yourself? ~everything

My thoughts about what's happening, other perspectives on what's happening, meta commentary on the thoughts, warnings, arguments with simulated people, arguments with myself, meta stuff about that. I wouldn't be surprised if a lot of its repetitive but a lot is also unique.

If I'm in flow, there's either nothing at all or I'm not aware of it.

I can't even imagine what it would be like for thoughts to be in the form of words before I have to verbalize them, and I don't know what words I will use to express something until moments before I speak or write at most.

I subvocalize, but not while reading and it's almost always just repeating the last thing I said or cursing at something or myself.  I think it is notable that expletives don't use the same brain pathways as ordinary speech and are frequently preserved when strokes destroy speech.

Depends on what I'm doing. My baseline is verbal/auditory, and that is the mode my short-term memory loop utilizes most effectively. Reading printed text is primarily an auditory experience for me.

I don't seem to have an autobiographical narrator as such, but I do a good deal of processing in the verbal mode, increasingly when I am less familiar with a task or process. If I am trying to learn a new task or process, that processing often escapes as a literal verbal output that sometimes makes my kid ask if I'm "talking to YouTube". I guess this is a stronger version of an internal verbal/auditory processing loop.

When I'm very focused on a mechanical task like exercise or chopping vegetables or typing[1], I often switch to a more spatial mode; there is a visual component, but it would be more revealing to think of it as proprioceptive.

In meditation I often have access to a more sensory-first mode where I seem to experience mind-body inputs in what feels like a less processed way. Here, autobiographical thoughts "look" surprisingly similar to other sense inputs bubbling up from a pool of possibilities and either serially spooling out, usually as text (audio mode), or just settling back into the whole general mishmash.

When I'm cooking, I tend to think in smells and... processes I suppose? It's like I know what smell I want and how to get there, but there's not much visualization and very little verbalization unless I need to do math.

[^1] Refinement: I learned to touch-type back in the 90s, so this refers to the active translation of mental symbols to digital text. There is sometimes an audio stream happening of the names of the keys I press an instant after the fact, which I take to be an error-checking process. The actual mental objects involved in eventually outputting gestures have a very tactile flavor.