So you're playing the credence game, and you’re getting a pretty good sense of which level of confidence to assign to your beliefs. Later, when you’re discussing politics, you wonder how you can calibrate your political beliefs as well (beliefs of the form "policy X will result in outcome Y"). Here there's no easy way to assess whether a belief is true or false, in contrast to the trivia questions in the credence game. Moreover, it’s very easy to become mindkilled by politics. What do you do?

In the credence game, you get direct feedback that allows you to learn about your internal proxies for credence, i.e., emotional and heuristic cues about how much to trust yourself. With political beliefs, however, there is no such feedback. One workaround would be to assign high confidence only to beliefs for which you have read n academic papers on the subject. For example, only assign 90% confidence if you've read ten academic papers.

To account for mindkilling, use a second criterion: assign high confidence only to beliefs for which you are ideologically Turing-capable (i.e., able to pass an ideological Turing test). As a proxy for an actual ideological Turing test, you should be able to accurately restate your opponent’s position, or be able to state the strongest counterargument to your position.

In sum, to calibrate your political beliefs, only assign high confidence to beliefs which satisfy extremely demanding epistemic standards.

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I suggest the alternative strategy of not having political beliefs at all in the name of combating privileging the question. Once you're in a position to actually influence policy, then maybe it makes sense to have opinions about policy.

Once you're in a position to actually influence policy, then maybe it makes sense to have opinions about policy.

How does anyone manage to acquire a position to actually influence policy? From what I can tell, people of my acquaintance who have done this, have begun with some opinions about policy ... and, indeed, have sought positions that accord with their preëxisting policy opinions.

2Qiaochu_Yuan
I think if you'd like to see some changes in the world you should think of your opinions about those changes as opinions about changes you'd like to see in the world, then see if political action is a tool that can help you accomplish those changes. Putting those opinions in the politics bucket seems like tempting fate as far as inviting being mindkilled about them.
0DanArmak
Some people want to be politicians. They do best by joining an existing party or movement and adopting all their political opinions except for maybe one or two issues they personally care about. Other people want to affect policy on a certain issue, and they decide to do so via politics. But once they enter politics, to get things done and based on the personal contacts they develop, I think most of them (not all) tend to affiliate with a party and again adopt their other opinions. And yet other people (the majority, I think) try to affect policy without becoming politicians. Most changes in effective policy happen because a new product becomes available on the market, because someone expands or curtails a service, because someone changes prices by R&D or by contributing money to an existing concern. And these people can remain free of politics if they want to.
7Tyrrell_McAllister
TDT/UDT-type reasoning makes this a little less straightforward. The question isn't, "Am I personally in a position to influence policy?". The question is more like, "Consider the collection of people whose opinions on policy are logically correlated with my own. Are these people, in the aggregate, in a position to influence policy?".
5pragmatist
Is this general advice that you would also give to someone who, say, expressed an interest in learning about quantum gravity, or do you think there something especially harmful about political beliefs? Also, it seems there should be ways to combat privileging the question other than abstaining from political belief entirely. That seems like a rather radical (and somewhat defeatist) solution.
2satt
I wouldn't be very surprised if political beliefs were especially distracting, but non-political (well, non-overtly-political) beliefs & topics can also be good at consuming attention. Bonfires of attention I've seen blazing away on LW include the Sleeping Beauty problem, how to interpret QM, and how to interpret probabilities. (Some political beliefs at least have the merit of being testable!) And one easier said than done. Whenever someone tells me they're apolitical or refuse to hold political views, I brace myself for the inevitable accidental unveiling of their non-existent politics. (This doesn't just apply to people I have extended personal interactions with. Look at Philip Larkin!)
5Kawoomba
Having a sufficiently strong opinion about policy may influence your decision whether you try to get into a position to influence policy in the first place. There is more than one "power" hierarchy, you cannot just get more powerful in general and then equally influence any sort of policy. Sometimes you'll need to decide in advance. Similar to a high school student discovering FAI and sufficiently caring to plan to get into a position to influence FAI research most efficiently.
9Qiaochu_Yuan
I agree that this is a reason one might decide to have political opinions but disagree that this is in fact why people have political opinions. I think not having political opinions is a good default strategy and if at some point you find a good reason to deviate from this strategy then so be it, but I think many people default to having political opinions instead.
2Yosarian2
I'm not sure that makes sense in a representative democracy. Generally speaking, things tend to change when a significant majority of people first form a specific opinion about an issue, care about that issue a great deal, and communicate that in such a way as to both influence other voters and to influence the politicians. In that sense, everyone is in a position to influence policy in some small way. I understand that from an economic viewpoint, it might not make sense to expend energy to form a proper opinion if you're going to have minimal influence over it, but if that attitude became widespread, would our form of government continue to function at all?
4Qiaochu_Yuan
The TDT-style reasoning is not "would this be bad if everyone did it?" but "would this be bad if everyone sufficiently similar to me did it?" and I think there it's much less clear. If everyone similar to me spent less time on politics and more time on more useful things I don't think that's obviously a net loss at all. Also, again, I think influencing the majority to influence politicians is a reason to have political beliefs but that most people don't have political beliefs for this reason. A strategy for having political beliefs optimized for actually changing the opinions of large numbers of people would look very different from the way most people approach politics.
2Tyrrell_McAllister
To be slightly more precise, the TDT-style reasoning is, "Would this be bad if everyone who decided using a decision procedure logically correlated with mine did it?". Now, it might be that your decision procedure is so "logically isolated" that the cohort of people whose decisions are correlated with yours is too small to be politically significant. But it seems to me that most people arrive at their political opinions using one of a small set of correlated classes of decision procedures. It follows from the pigeon-hole principle that at least one of these correlated classes contains a lot of people. (The fact that you can write above about how "most people approach politics" also points towards this conclusion.) There is a real chance that this class is large enough to be politically significant. The upshot is that your reasoning, while it might apply to you, would not apply to people who decide these issues in more typical ways, because these people are numerous enough that their political opinions have real influence. Which is not to say that these people need to be spending more time on politics. But it does suggest that their getting their politics right matters.
-2Yosarian2
I do think you might be underestimating the utility of being involved in politics. It's common to think, say, "There are 300 million people in this country, so if I only have an amount of democratic influence equal to 1/300,000,000 of the country, then it's not worth being involved." (Speaking in terms of the US). However, the total amount of utility at stake here is huge; the government spends about 3 trillion dollars a year. If you think that, hypothetically speaking, that party A would spend that money in a way that's about 10% more efficient at creating positive utility then party B, then that's about 300 billion dollars worth of positive utility at stake here. If you have a 1/300 million influence over a decision worth 300 billion dollars of utility, then when you multiply that out your influence is worth about 1000 dollars of utility. So one would think that it would be worth a fair amount of time to try to do something useful with it. In practice, it may be lower if you don't think that there is that much difference between the two parties, while on the other hand a person willing to spend a little time talking about politics and sending letters to their congressmen and otherwise getting involved probably has a higher degree of influence then that (especially since almost half the country doesn't vote at all). And there are also other things the government does that aren't directly related to money that can also have a significant impact.
0Qiaochu_Yuan
If you're trying to compute an expected utility, I don't think this is the right way to compute the probability. The probability to compute is the probability that your vote will decide the election, which I expect to be very small where I live (California) but might be large enough in swing states to make it worthwhile to vote there. Someone posted a nice paper computing this probability for several states based on Nate Silver's election data that I can't find. (A very important point here is that the amount of political leverage you have is not linear in the number of people whose votes you affect: the change in the probability of deciding the election is highly nonlinear as you get closer to the boundary where the outcome changes.) Nevertheless, I still think that a strategy optimized for actually making a difference in politics looks very different from the strategy most people adopt.
1Vladimir_Nesov
I think this should be the probability of your decision procedure deciding the election. If many people are using similar decision procedures, the decision they follow commands their combined votes, and correspondingly the probability that the decision matters goes up when there are more similarly-deciding people. From this point of view, the voters in an election are not individuals, but decision procedures, each of which has a certain number of votes, and each decision procedure can decide whether it's useful to cast its many votes. A decision procedure that is followed by many people, but thinks that it only commands one vote is mistaken on this point of fact, and so will make suboptimal decisions.
2Yosarian2
Good point. A good example of this is how certain very simplistic decision procedures, like "single issue voters", can have influence far above and beyond their numbers. If 5% of the population will always vote based on one specific issue, and that is both known and understood by politicians, then even if they are in the minority, they have a major amount of influence over that one issue, because that decision procedure is so significant. Examples: gun lobbies, labor groups, abortion, ect.
0Yosarian2
I don't think your political influence is primarily dependent on the probability that your one, single vote will decide the election. It's a much more nebulous thing that that in reality; it's how you show up in polls, how politicians think their positions may affect your vote, how likely your demographic is to vote in the first place and how that affects politician's priorities, how well you are able to articulate your position, how many resources a political party feels they need to devote to your district instead of some other district, ect. For example, even if it didn't change any elections at all, I think that we would be funding college in a very different way if a higher percentage of college students voted. Probably true. The strategy most people adopt looks more to me like "let me try to spend the minimal amount of time necessary in order to get enough information to let me feel confident in deciding who to vote for". Much less payoff then a deliberate strategy to maximize making a difference, but much less cost involved as well. There's also a general attitude among a lot of people that, at a rule, doing at least that is your responsibility as a citizen, and I think that is probably correct.
2ThrustVectoring
Conversely, if you're not in a position to actually influence policy, you're better off optimizing your political statements and beliefs by their social usefulness. Embracing the mindkill, in other words. If making fun of George W. Bush helps you be more popular in San Francisco or NYC, or making fun of Obama makes you more popular in %small_town, then why not?
9gjm
It may encourage sloppy thinking habits that make you less effective in other ways. It may make you popular with people you'd probably have got on well with anyway, while losing some (maybe more valuable) opportunities to interact positively with a more diverse set of people. It may risk having your insincerity noticed by exceptionally insightful people, who might have been good friends or useful contacts. It may lead you to behave in ways that harm you or the world in an attempt to signal your political affiliation.
6Vladimir_Nesov
Ideas constructed in this manner are not "beliefs" in the sense that they are not evidence about the world that is useful for navigating it. It's deception/self-deception to pass such ideas for beliefs, and it might be hard for them to turn into actual anticipation-controlling beliefs, so perhaps it's somewhat misleading to call them "beliefs".
2Yosarian2
Well, as psychological studies have shown, if there is groupthink around a specific issue, having one person be seen to visibly disagree with the group can make it easier for other people to disagree, which improves the whole group's decision making process. If you actually think that politician X is doing a decent job, and you are willing to say so in an environment where others may disagree with you, then that frees other people to think and act in a more independent way, improving the whole group's ability to make rational decisions about politics.
2Michael Wiebe
Both strategies might end up producing the same outcome. Define a "Certified Political Belief" as a belief which satisfies the above standards. In my own case, I don't actually have any strong political beliefs (>90% confidence) which I would claim are Certified (except maybe "liberal democracy is a good thing"). In fact, a good exercise would be to take your strongest political beliefs, actually write down which academic articles you've read that support your position, and then go do a quick test (with a third-party referee) to see whether you're ideologically Turing-capable. This sounds like a good way to get feedback to help you calibrate.
-1BerryPick6
It does make for boring company in certain circumstances, though, and having well-thought out political positions is high-status, despite the mindkilling involved. Although, I suppose, if you didn't live in a community that engaged in political opinion status games, this would be the way to go.

If you only have political opinions for the status benefits, then why would you need to calibrate them?

4BerryPick6
Good point.
0Nominull
If you run in social circles where having well-calibrated beliefs is high-status, not gonna name any names.
0Qiaochu_Yuan
But it's easier to have well-calibrated beliefs about things that aren't politics. Also more useful (e.g. if those things are how to run a startup properly, or how to exercise properly, or...). Most people aren't in a position to test most political beliefs.

One workaround would be to assign high confidence only to beliefs for which you have read n academic papers on the subject.

This is dangerous, because people tend to use additional information primarily to support their existing opinion more than to improve it. See Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs.

2Michael Wiebe
Good point. Do you think the ideological Turing-capability requirement helps to mitigate this danger, and if so, how much does it help?

One workaround would be to assign high confidence only to beliefs for which you have read n academic papers on the subject.

Academic papers are what get's published, not what's true. The difference is particularly pronounced for political topics.

you should be able to accurately restate your opponent’s position

There are limits. You can't accurately restate gibberish. You can mimic it as in a Turing test, but I don't see any criteria for accuracy.

I think the best you can do is identify the unstated assumptions. When you can get both sides to say &quo... (read more)

You can't accurately restate gibberish.

Good point. If someone appears to be emitting gibberish on a subject, but seems to be a reasonably functional member of society (i.e. is probably not floridly psychotic), and there's nothing about the structure of the subject that seems to license gibberish (e.g. a subject where dreams or psychedelic visions are treated as unquoted evidence) this may indicate that you simply don't understand that subject and should learn more before attempting to judge their statements.

For instance, I would expect that a person who had no higher math would consider correct statements in category theory to be indistinguishable from gibberish.

0Yosarian2
It may, but not necessarily. Especially on issues of politics and religion, otherwise rational people may repeat gibberish if they think the alternative is to "let their side down" and "let the other side win".
-2buybuydandavis
To take some liberties with Stirner: People have all sorts of crazy nonsense in their heads, particularly with respect to morality and politics, as Stirner pointed out. If you want to conclude that I just don't understand their perfectly sensible views, feel free. If you want to conclude that you just don't understand them when they seem to be talking nonsense to you, knock yourself out. I have a lifetime of experience to the contrary, and am not persuaded by your say so. The subject doesn't license gibberish, though people often take such license in politics, morality, religion, etc. Nowhere is there more nonsense, and political belief is the subject matter under discussion.
1Multiheaded
Ok... so, as long as we're in a community developed specifically for such things - tell me, what kind of evidence would it take to change your mind about Those Evil Meddling People, and in what regard?
0buybuydandavis
The point on crazy nonsense applies to meddlers and non meddlers alike. What would it take for me to change my views with respect to how much crazy I estimate in other people's heads? It would help, if upon examination, they could routinely provide sensible explanations for what seems to me nonsense. I have confidence that I could take the ideological Turing test and pass myself off as being quite sensible to most of them. Few of them could do it to me.
1Multiheaded
Well, honestly, I doubt it - take e.g. your methodological individualism. From what I've read of it, (a few blog posts by Austrian economists) it basically appears as a crazy nonsensical fairytale, to be invoked as ideological justification for a "libertarian" narrative of society. I claim that the historical dynamics of actually existing societies can't be usefully explained by it - that a massive amount of historical... stuff is deterministic, intersubjective and not easily pinpointed but far from "abstract"/"ghostly", and shapes individual wills first, even when it is in turn shaped by them. So, could you make a strong and unequivocal argument against methodological individualism, from whatever position?
2fubarobfusco
This seems not only intuitively obvious, but a prerequisite for (e.g.) advertising and propaganda techniques actually working well enough for anyone to bother spending much money on them.
2buybuydandavis
Methodological individualism doesn't preclude someone from passing an ideological Turing test for someone who doesn't use it, just as sanity doesn't prevent someone from pretending to be insane.
1Multiheaded
Ok, go ahead, then. Hit me with your best shot. If you give me a halfway serious effort, I promise I'll return the favour with a defense of MI. (From what I've heard, Popper is the best known non-Austrian champion of MI; need to read up on him.)
-9buybuydandavis
1Michael Wiebe
Right, it's a necessary condition, not a sufficient one.
49eB1
It's not a necessary condition. Academic papers are regularly mistaken either due to methodological limitations, bad statistical methodology, publication bias, stretching of conclusions and a host of other factors. The fact that information has been published is evidence that it contains true information, but is not even necessarily strong evidence. Keep in mind that in the field of cancer research, which is on much firmer quantitative footing than political science "research," researchers were unable to replicate 89% of studies.
1Michael Wiebe
Do you think that the standards given in the OP are too demanding? Not demanding enough?
49eB1
If you have read 10 papers on a political question, all the papers are concurring, and they represent the entire body of literature on that question, then 90% can be warranted. I strongly suspect that if you do a fair review of any question there will be a tremendous amount of disagreement, however, and a well-calibrated observer would rarely approach 90% without strong pre-existing ideological biases subverting their estimation processes. I have read quite a few macroeconomics papers, and there are very few non-trival things that I would assign a 90% probability to, and almost by definition those aren't the sort of things people talk about in "political discussions." The more you read the more humble you become with respect to our level of knowledge in the social sciences, especially if you are literate in the hard sciences. If you expect your knowledge to cash out in terms of predictions about the world, we don't know much. This is why if you ask an economics professor almost any question of substance, they will provide you with a lengthy docket of caveats.
0Michael Wiebe
I agree with all of this.

I don't think that being able to state the strongest counterargument to your position is a good proxy for the ideological Turing test (or vice versa). Most people with strong political views tend not to have very strong arguments for those views, precisely because they don't carefully consider counterarguments from the opposing side. So if I were the judge in an ideological Turing test, and the test subject made a sophisticated and nuanced argument for his position, one that is constructed as a strong refutation of the opposing side rather than just as a s... (read more)

0RomeoStevens
I would agree with you if the purity of the test were the goal, but my understanding is that the ideological turing test is a means to an end, that end being both people working together to steelman both sides of the debate. Once it has been established that each person fully understands the strongest version of both sides, a true debate can begin.

It's good that you classify this as for "beliefs of the form 'policy X will result in outcome Y')". That may be answerable. Much political discussion and dispute is more about relative preferences and goals than matters of fact. For example, gay marriage. Few people honestly dispute any matter of fact in the gay marriage debate, nor would many people's minds be changed by learning they were wrong on a matter of fact. It's an argument about values and preferences.

4kalium
I've seen a number of disputes of fact on this matter. It's likely that these aren't usually true rejections of gay marriage, but I doubt all the people who express these concerns are straight-out lying. This article seems sincere for example. * People agree that gay marriage will increase the number of same-sex couples raising children. Is having a pair of opposite-sex caretakers crucial for a child's well-being? * Will allowing gay marriage increase the prevalence of open marriages? * Will allowing gay marriage increase STD prevalence? * Will allowing gay marriage decrease the rate of marriage overall?
4elharo
Yes, there are disputes of fact; but these questions aren't why people support or oppose gay marriage. A conclusive answer on any or all of these questions would be unlikely to sway many people on either side of the issue.
2TheOtherDave
I agree that this probably isn't straight-out lying, in that someone who asks (e.g.) "Will allowing gay marriage decrease the rate of marriage overall?" probably isn't thinking "Of course allowing gay marriage isn't likely to decrease the rate of marriage overall... honestly, how many people will refuse to get married simply because a gay couple down the block is getting married? But if I ask the question, people will start to think that it will, because people are easy to manipulate that way."
2Eugine_Nier
Yes, when you only consider the most straight forward causal path, of course, it seems absurd. (Incidentally, the problem with attempting to think of politics in utilitarian terms is that it makes it easy to make these kind of mistakes.) The causal path is about undermining the Schelling points on which marriage is based. The reason the institution of marriage developed in the first place is that it's a effective institution for raising children. Gay marriage is a part of a modern tendency to neglect this aspect of marriage.
6Desrtopa
The institution of monogamous marriage appears to be a corruption of the older, more reproductively productive institution of polygyny by successful males. Why favor the middle-aged institution over the ancient?
0Eugine_Nier
This type of polygyny wasn't nearly as widespread as you seem to think. In any case monogamous marriage has been around long enough that we can see that it works. The same isn't at all clear for what modern marriage is turning into.
4Desrtopa
I'm talking prehistoric here; we have evidence to suggest that raiding for females was a regular feature of human culture for most of our species' existence (discussed in this book.) In any case, the modern, marry-for-love tradition, as opposed to marriage for political or economic expediency, is recent enough as to be practically untested in historical terms. It would be disingenuous to pretend that reverting to the institution of eighty years ago is in any way a return to a time-tested standard.
0Eugine_Nier
This was that big an effect in practice, i.e., the average woman was not taken as a captive during her lifetime. War is negative sum and for all their glorification of war, even aggressive societies spent most of their energies on productive activities. The two aren't mutually exclusive.
2TheOtherDave
What would I expect to see if I thought about the issue properly in terms of the Schelling points on which marriage is based? For example, would I expect to see a detectable decrease in the rate at which people get married overall in jurisdictions that legalize same-sex marriage relative to jurisdictions that don't? Would I expect to see a detectable increase in the rate of out-of-wedlock childbirths in these jurisdictions? Would I expect to see a more general decrease across jurisdictions, with the rate of decrease proportional to the number of such jurisdictions at any given time? Something else?
0kalium
There are a lot of people who see marriage as "just a piece of paper." I happen to be one of them :) And it wouldn't be totally implausible for this number to increase as a result of allowing gay marriage, though I wouldn't personally expect it to.
2CronoDAS
If a marriage is just a piece of paper, then so is a driver's license, a dollar bill, an apartment lease, a sales receipt, and a passport.
0Shmi
By your analogy, driving a lot without a license will get you recognized by the state as a common-law driver.
0Viliam_Bur
If the law would be unable to stop or punish you (just as it today can't stop two unmarried people from living together), then unlicensed drivers would gradually become accepted as a fact. On the other hand, if in a country people could be punished for living together while not being married, and if most people would agree with such laws, then marriage would be treated more seriously than a driver's license.

A friend played ideological turing test on the web in some newsgroup, eventually becoming an ideological leader for his pretend side. Probably a good exercise.

6Viliam_Bur
I think that a person pretending to have a view X -- if they are able to do it well -- has a greater chance to become a leader than a person who really has the view X. The pretending person is more free to optimize for signalling. And the internet reduces some costs usually coming with real-life signalling, but our instincts are not calibrated to discount that. If you learn to play the ideological turing test well, you know the "correct" (best for signalling) answers, and you can always use them. A real believer would at some moment diverge from the optimum path. Also a real believer would hesitate to lie to their own "tribe", while for a pretender everything is just a game. So at some critical moment the real believer will show their weakness, and the pretender can chide them for their lack of faith, getting higher status within the group. (Even if the smartest members of the group can see through this move and become suspicious, there will be a huge peer pressure on them.) In real life people could be judged by their actions, for example how they live, who are they friends with, etc. It could be costly to avoid everything that sends a bad signal to the group, and to spend time mostly with other tribe members. But on internet, nobody knows what you do in the real life. And you can use a new identity for your group membership. On the other hand, merely understanding the positions and arguments of the group may be not enough to pass the ideological turing test. Because group members can be recognized by more than just having the right ideology. You need to understand the jargon; understand and be able to make references to knowledge shared by group, which could be very large. Especially if you want to become (or pretend to be) a high-status member. For example, if you pretend to be a Christian in a debate about abortion, and somewhere during the debate it shows that you never heard about e.g. Jesus walking on water, it becomes evidence that you are a fake Christi
0cataphract93
I recall vaguely reading about two economists (with different views) in a game where they would answer some questions as if they were each the other. Does anyone know what I'm talking about?
[-]gjm150

The idea of an "ideological Turing test" arose from a disagreement between Bryan Caplan and Paul Krugman (two economists with different views). Caplan and Krugman never (so far as I know) engaged in any such test, but some other economists with different views apparently have done. See, e.g., the Wikipedia article.

4buybuydandavis
I think Haidt had a study with evidence in support of Caplan - conservatives could mimic liberals better than liberals could mimic conservatives.
2cataphract93
This is it! Thanks so much!

One workaround would be to assign high confidence only to beliefs for which you have read n academic papers on the subject. For example, only assign 90% confidence if you've read ten academic papers.

Easy hack:

  • Google "papers supporting $controversial_position"
  • Read n papers linked in results
  • Assign confidence proportional to n
  • Enjoy cozy feelings of intellectual superiority

I don't think many people do this as such, but there are less self-aware versions of the same procedure that do happen in practice. For example, if you hang out on any r... (read more)

I expect it would be hard to obtain good data about the actual results of implemented politics. (Not policies, which is a much more general term; just those policies adopted through a highly politicized process, like national laws or budget changes.)

This is for two reasons. First, major policy changes mostly happen when power changes hands, and a lot of changes happen together; their effects are hard to disentangle from one another.

Second, because most policies are attempts to influence human behavior. And people's reaction to political policies is itself... (read more)

I was just thinking about this the other day, and I think this is a very good idea.

[-][anonymous]-20

there's no easy way to assess whether a belief is true or false, in contrast to the trivia questions in the credence game. Moreover, it’s very easy to become mindkilled by politics. What do you do?

Tentatively preserve what is working, based on regular testing to confirm it is still working. Cautiously adopt changes with an emphasis on how to minimize the ways they can go wrong, not the possible benefits if they go right. Test newly adopted policies regularly. This was how 'conservatism' might have described itself at one time, but that word has other meanings now.

0Eugine_Nier
Also keep in mind that the system is sufficiently complicated that it won't always be easy to see that the cause of problem Y was change X.

Mostly decisions about large scale intervetions could be settled in economics terms. However, MIRI recent strategic change to math questions inform us the difficulty of heuristics approach. The amount of resources needed to find very noisy information about factors for some kind of scenario, seems very costly.