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First, I have met a lot of your "no ones," although they often dress up their dismissals in colorful language. It can be awfully tempting to dismiss "just this one" observation that can destroy an otherwise neat-looking theory, especially when you are invested in it.

Second, there is a difference between saying it does no argumentative work, and that it doesn't do as much as you'd like. The former is false. The latter is a personal problem.

Lastly, to say that all observations are theory laden is not to say that you must handle every level of disagreement at once.

It seems you are making a fairly basic mistake here, assuming that because all observation is theory-laden, that people who have different paradigms cannot communicate. This is easily falsified. If I look up at the night sky and see something that my theories tell me is a "star" and the Cartesian looks up in the night sky and sees something that his theories tell him is a "crystal sphere" we can at least agree that we are both seeing something. We can also agree on the observational properties of the thing: what we observe about that thing. Its the empirical reality that provides a fixed 'normal.'

And if we both have the same beliefs, but I am calling it a star while he is calling it a crystal sphere, then star=crystal sphere. If we do not both have the same beliefs, then one of us will either make incorrect statements about the object we are seeing which can be empirically falsified, or one of us will have a theory that makes a larger number of correct statements about the object than the other.

Minimally, we can point to the thing and say "Hey, let's just agree we are talking about things like that. Okay?" Is there some theory there? Yes. Pointing, for instance, is theory-laden: it doesn't describe anything to a rock. And there might be a being out there, somewhere, that has such a different theory of observation that pointing at something won't work, yet it can still make empirical statements. This doesn't mean that the emprically observed reality is not a fixed normal: it means that getting to that reality is difficult, but fortunately nature did a lot of that work in your DNA already.

You can also frame this as a reductio: if the empirical world is not a 'fixed normal' then which theories best describe reality should be dependent on just those same theories. But they aren't: they are based in whatever observations we note match the predictions (past and present) of those theories. Does this include a theory about how "best describe reality"="predictions match observations"? Yes. Again, we can follow the rabbit hole down as far as you like: we have very good reasons for thinking that predictions that match observations is equivalent to the best available description of reality. And no, I couldn't describe this to a rock. But if you want a theory that can convince a rock... well, I would be interested if you found it, but I doubt you will.

[anonymous]13y00

It seems you are making a fairly basic mistake here, assuming that because all observation is theory-laden, that people who have different paradigms cannot communicate.

See in context

-5

Adding up to normality

by [anonymous]

13th Jul 2012

2 min read

-5

I think that the idea of ‘adding up to normality’ is incoherent, but maybe I don’t understand it. There is a rule of thumb that, in general, a theory or explanation should ‘save the phenomena’ as much as possible. But Egan’s law is presented in the sequences as something more strict than an exceptionable rule of thumb. I’m going to try to explain and formalize Egan’s law as I understand it so that once it’s been made clear, we can talk about how we would argue for it.

If a theory adds up to normality in the strict sense, then there are no true sentences in normal language which do not have true counterparts in a theory. Thus, if it is true to say that the apple is green, a theory which adds up to normality will contain a sentence which describes the same phenomenon as the normal language sentence, and is true (and false if the normal language sentence is false). For example: if an apple is green, then light of such and such wavelength is predominantly reflected from its surface while other visible wavelengths are predominantly absorbed. Let’s call this the Egan property of a theory. A theory would fail to add up to normality either if it denied the truth of true sentences in normal language (e.g. ‘the apple isn’t really green’) or if it could make nothing of the phenomenon of normal language at all (e.g. nothing really has color).

t has the property E = for all a in n, there is an α in t such that a if and only if α

t is a theoretical language and ‘α ‘is a sentence within it, n is the normal language and ‘a’ is a sentence within it. E is the Egan property. Now that we’ve defined the Egan property of a theory, we can move on to Egan’s law.

The way Egan’s law is articulated in the sequences, it seems to be an a priori necessary but insufficient condition on the truth of a theory. So it is necessary that, if a theory is true, it has the Egan property.

If α₁, α₂, α₃..., then Et.

Or alternatively: If t is true, then Et.

That’s Egan’s law, so far as I understand it. Now, how do we argue for it? There’s an inviting, but I think troublesome Tarskian way to argue for Egan’s law. Tarski’s semantic definition of truth is such that some sentence β is true in language L if and only if b, where b is a sentence is a metalanguage. Following this, we could say that for any theory t to be true, all its sentences α must be true, and what it means for any α to be true is that a, where a is a sentence in the metalanguage we call normal language. But this would mean that a and α are strictly translations of one another in two different languages. If a theory is going to be explanitory of phenomena, then sentences like “light of such and such wavelength is predominantly reflected from the apple’s surface while other visible wavelengths are predominantly absorbed” have to have more content than “the apple is green”. If they mean the same thing, as sentences in Tarski’s definition of truth must, then theories can’t do any explaining.

So how else can we argue for Egan’s law?

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[-]gwern13y250

I think you're arguing up the entirely wrong tree. Normality is what you've seen before: your history of previous observations. Egan's law is that any new theory must predict what you've already seen. Einsteinian mechanics must predict roughly Newtonian behavior, otherwise it's already falsified!

[+][anonymous]13y-120

[-]OrphanWilde13y30

"The way Egan’s law is articulated in the sequences, it seems to be an a priori necessary but insufficient condition on the truth of a theory."

This pretty much sums it up; if you're looking for more, you won't find it. Egan's Law doesn't guarantee a theory has explanatory power, it only sets a restriction on what theories might. Suppose a new theory (using the term loosely) is proposed, and the theorist helpfully provides tests to falsify it. If the theory contradicts current (in the sense of currently known) observations (distinct from current -explanations- of those observations), you don't need to perform those tests, because it has already been falsified.

To use an example brought up in the comments, any theory which predicts that the stick should appear the same to you when dipped into the water can be discarded under Egan's Law, because this wasn't the case.

Consider Egan's Law this way: Existing observations should be treated as falsification tests. In Bayesian terms, existing observations should be used in calculating your priors. (Egan's Law appears to be used on these boards most specifically to refer to the observations made in falsification tests of the theory you intend to supplant; since I can't find a formal formulation, I'm not sure if this is a strict part of its use.)

[-][anonymous]13y00

Consider Egan's Law this way: Existing observations should be treated as falsification tests.

Observations are intensional in this sense: when I observe something, I observe that something is such and such. So I observe that the stick is bent. The trouble is, that this observation can't be included in the 'normal' since it can be overturned. It's theory laden, and on a correct theory, this theory laden observation is false.

If Egan's law (on a strict reading) is true, however, mere observations must be un-overturnable. So in fact I never observed that the stick was bent, rather I observed that it appeared bent, or I observed such and such a sense-datum which I interpreted (falsely) to indicate a bent stick. These 'appear that...' sentences or sense data sentences look promising because they don't look falsifiable. I can't be mistaken about what appears to be so, only about what actually is so.

The problem with this, I think, is that the 'normal' now looks quite narrow. If this is normality, nothing prevents external world skepticism, say, from preserving normality. Nor is anything interesting actually preserved: a physical theory needn't preserve the rising of the sun, the blueness of the sky, or free will so long as it preserves or explains the appearance of these things. But to explain that the sky appears blue is consistant with denying, ultimately, that it is blue.

[-]asparisi13y30

You seem to be confusing your observation that a stick was bent with an actual stick bending.

The difference being that the mere observation of a stick that is bent does not have (in the case of it being in a glass of water) all of the other observational properties of a bent stick.

If, when you put a stick in water, it had all the other observational properties of a bent stick (example: you put your hand in the water and feel the bend in the stick) then you would conclude that "water bends sticks" and this would add up to normality.

But that's not what happens, so you conclude that the stick didn't actually bend. But you don't just throw away your observation of "I saw the stick bend" either. Instead, you use another theory that can explain the visual appearance of a bent stick without the stick needing to actually bend.

The fact that you observed X is not overturned by a theory that says you couldn't have. Instead, the observation overturns the theory.

As to external world skepticism, etc. Egan's law does not, strictly speaking, falsify them. But it renders them improbable. External world skepticism does not predict a blue sky as well as physics does. It doesn't make the statement that the sky will be blue. Physical realism combined with out knowledge of physics does make this statement. This makes physical realism more probable than external world skepticism. If it did not seem that, in principle, experiments regarding reality were able to explain it than we wouldn't use experiments and probably would be required to believe something like external world skepticism.

Incidentally, physics DOES deny, in some senses, that "the sky is blue," without denying that it appears blue. Blueness, as it turns out, is not a primary property (and it is only by not looking at history that we don't realize that this is a revolutionary discovery) the sky doesn't have "blueness" inside of it. Nevertheless, optics can tell us why the sky appears blue, without some blueness being inherent in the sky.

[-][anonymous]13y10

You seem to be confusing your observation that a stick was bent with an actual stick bending.

I may be confusing them, but it was my intention to draw out a distinction between 'appearance' sentences and 'fact stating' sentences, so as to show that 'normality' couldn't include any of the latter. That's the whole substance of my argument against Egan's law.

Egan's law does not, strictly speaking, falsify them. But it renders them improbable.

This depends on how you read Egan's law: as a heuristic or (as I put it in my original post), an a priori necessary condition on the truth of a theory. I think the sequences present that latter, stronger reading. I don't have any problem with the weaker reading.

[-]asparisi13y30

I don't follow why that distinction is important in this case: Egan's law (combined with some observation) can act both as a falsification criteria for some theories and to adjust the probability of other theories.

Take three theories regarding your stick:

A: There is no real stick, only the illusion of a stick. (Roughly, external world skepticism) B: There is a real stick, and it did not bend but appeared to bend. (Physical realism regarding the properties of sticks and optics) C: You never observed a stick bending.

C is falsified, given Egan's law and the observation. A is not falsified, but A doesn't predict that you'd see a stick bend in water. B does predict this, as B incorporates optics and physical theories of light into itself. If A violated Egan's law, it would violate the "necessary condition" and be falsified. It doesn't, it is just rendered less probable while B is made to be more probable.

Remember that 'falsify' really only means 'renders highly improbable.' So there is no contradiction in saying that Egan's law will sometimes render something highly improbable (reduced it's probability by several sigma) and will sometimes only render something slightly less probable. Even the probability that something is false given that it is a logical contradiction is only the prior probability of that thing being true, times the probability it is true given that it is a logical contradiction, divided by the probability of logic being true. That P(A|B) is very near zero and P(B) is very near 1 in this case does not change this.

[-][anonymous]13y00

I like your analysis here, thanks. I remain unsure about what it means to combine egan's law ith some observation, as opposed to just testing a theory against an observation. Does Egan's law mean nothing more than 'theories ought to be tested against past, as well as future observations'? I admit, I find this hard to disagree with, but I'm not sure what this has to do with adding up to normality. Again, thanks for the excellent explanation.

[-]asparisi13y10

What 'adding up to normality' means here is that 'theories should match observations, past and present.'

See, sometimes people encounter weird theories that are also true, quantum mechanics being the classic example here. So people make the mistake of thinking that the strangeness of the theory equates to the truth of it, and they end up believing weird things because they are weird and not because they are consistent with their experiences.

Example: I once encountered a group who tried to convince me that a 2x2 square should have an area of 2. They agreed that the area of a 1x1 square should be one, that 2 divides into two 1s, and that when you divided a 2x2 square this way you got four 1x1 squares. They then went on to say that I was just using the 'standard' definition of a 2x2 square. One of the mistakes they made was ignoring when their theory did not match their observations.

If that behavior seems intuitively like a mistake to you, then good. You probably don't have to worry too much about it, relative to other common mistakes that people make.

[-][anonymous]13y00

'theories should match observations, past and present.'

But you must mean 'theories should take account of observations, past and present' since no theory should have to match my observation of a bent stick (though, we agree, it should explain why I think I see a bent stick). Theories shouldn't be bound to endorse past observations, just bound to either endorse them or explain them. (Unless we assume all observations are necessarily true, and to do this I assume we would have to move into a language of sense data or something...but thar be dragons).

So people make the mistake of thinking that the strangeness of the theory equates to the truth of it, and they end up believing weird things because they are weird and not because they are consistent with their experiences.

That's not the work Egan's law seems to do in, say, "Living in Many Worlds". There, Egan's law is invoked to dispel seeming implausibility or surprisingness of quantum physics. Here:

Some commenters have recently expressed disturbance at the thought of constantly splitting into zillions of other people, as is the straightforward and unavoidable prediction of quantum mechanics.

Others have confessed themselves unclear as to the implications of many-worlds for planning: If you decide to buckle your seat belt in this world, does that increase the chance of another self unbuckling their seat belt? Are you being selfish at their expense?

Just remember Egan's Law: It all adds up to normality.

What's EY using Egan's law to say here? It's not that quantum physics shouldn't be accepted because it's weird (though, of course, it shouldn't be accepted for that reason), but rather that one shouldn't worry about the interaction of the theory of quantum physics with everyday phenomena like choice, deliberation, personal identity, and free will. Further, EY will claim that the theory does in fact interact with these things. Quantum mechanics isn't entirely irrelevant to the question of personal identity, for example, because it actually helps show why a certain view of personal identity (the 'same atoms' view) is nonsense.

Egan's law is used to argue that even though quantum mechanical theory is relevant to phenomena like identity and free will, it is somehow guaranteed endorse these phenomena to the extent that our ethical intuitions get preserved.

But of course, on your (if you accept my amendment) understanding of Egan's law, namely

What 'adding up to normality' means here is that 'theories should account for observations, past and present.'

A theory can (though is unlikely to) add up to normality without endorsing any of our past observations. So nothing at all prevents quantum mechanics from simply denying that we have free will or personal identity (so long as it explains why we think we do) to an extent that renders our ethical intuitions moot. Just to be clear, I doubt that quantum mechanics can or does do anything of the kind. But at any rate, on that understanding of Egan's law, its argumentative use in the sequences is wholly illicit.

[-]asparisi13y20

But you must mean that 'theories take account of observations, past and present' since no theory should have to match my observation of a bent stick.

Again, you have to remember that your 'observation of a bent stick' does not match all of the observations we have for bent sticks. If you put your fingers in the water and felt the stick bend, you would conclude that water bends sticks.

That's not the work that Egan's law seems to do in, say, "Living in Many Worlds".

I don't speak for EY, but I will try to answer:

First, in that particular quote, I hold that to be a promisary note (one that you might not feel he delivered on) that once you are done reading, it shouldn't conflict with your normal intuitions. That said, I will try to answer your more specific worry.

QM's straightforward reading endorses a many-world thesis, or something much like it. One can attempt to reject MW because we do not experience this "splitting," or because it breaks down their notions of personal identity, or because they are unclear how it should alter their planning.

Saying that 'It all adds up to normality' here doesn't mean that your intuitions about, say, personal identity can't or shouldn't change on the basis of what you learn about QM or MW. What it means is that if you suddenly conclude something like "... so we don't exist" either you made an error somewhere or the theory is wrong.

Let me try to make this more concrete: Say that I decide that because of QM and MW, that buckling my seatbelt and driving safely is either useless (quantum immortality) or maybe even unethical. (because other versions of you will decide differently)

The odds are good that I've made a mistake somewhere. Probably, I've made the errors where I am thinking of my consciousness as something that is "sitting on" the quantum processes, riding them around and not getting off unless no Everett branch can support me (which is false, I am those same processes) or by not mapping onto the fact that those other Everett branches will be like me in many ways, because I am a complex system. (so if I decide to not buckle up and drive recklessly, it stands to reason that most of them will too)

Now, it is also possible that my intuitions are wrong: after all, I've never experienced meeting anyone with quantum immortality, but I don't experience all Everett branches either. But it would seem odd for quantum immortality to be true and to never find myself down an Everett branch where someone has lived for 300 years, although I haven't met every individual person either. If I did, I would conclude that consciousness did have some way of funnelling itself toward Everett branches where it was conserved. But I don't conclude that QM or MW is wrong, I conclude that the bridge theory is wrong. One matches our observations, the other does not.

[-][anonymous]13y00

Thanks again for the excellent reply. It seems to me that the work of egan's law is essentially the recommendation of this assumption once I have concluded something counterintuitive:

The odds are good that I've made a mistake somewhere.

That this recommendation triggers with claims (which I take it may nevertheless turn out true) like quantum immortality seems to be a function of the fact that quantum immortality theory does more explaining away and less endorsing of past observations and intuitions than a rival theory. Would you say that's a fair description of Egan's law then: a theory should be preferred if it endorses rather than explains away a greater proportion of past observations. If so (this seems very plausible to me), then egan's law is a statement about the iterative nature of theoretical activity, rather than a statement about adding up to some absolute sphere of normality. After all, if we dragged a Cartesian physicist through time to learn some quantum physics, I doubt he would admit that it adds up to anything normal, all the way down to meta ethical concerns.

So is that egan's law? That theoretical activity should always be an interation on past theory?

[-]asparisi13y10

I actually disagree with you on the Cartesian physicist. QM would definitely seem counter-intuitive to him at first. But we really do have the advantage on the Cartesian physicist: we can explain why QM is right, how Newtonian and earlier physical theories just didn't add up, and what they failed to explain. If this Cartesian physicist could put personal and political motives aside (not everyone can, but I don't think that's the substance of your claim) then he would, upon sufficient explanation, have to admit that QM was the correct theory.

Explain vs. explain away isn't the issue here. As I've said, there are reasons why my beliefs on quantum immortality might be wrong and why there might be evidence even in the Everett branch in which I live that I am just not seeing. If you explain something, like why objects feel solid: great. If you explain something away, like why a stick appears bent when it is put in water: also great. The prohibition is against a theory dismissing observations.

Here's a distinction that may help. It would seem odd for quantum immortality to happen but for no one in the past history of the Everett branch I travel down to have experienced it, or for this experience to have gone unnoted. But it seems downright implausible if a theory should lead to the conclusion that I do not exist at all. Or that I am an elephant. These would fly in the face of every reasonable observation. If an otherwise true theory stated that I didn't exist, I would assume I made an incorrect inference, that being the most likely cause of the theory not adding up to normality. If the theory hinged on my non-existance, I would probably conclude the theory itself was wrong.

The most important part is noticing that you are confused: that something happened in that process that wasn't right. It could be the theory is wrong, it could be a bad inference, but a good theory should explain your observations: past and present. It can either do this by explaining why the world is such that your observation matches reality or explaining why the world is such that your observation could occur even though it doesn't match reality. The former being something like me seeing a stick on the ground (explained by optics, some knowledge of biology, and the fact that there is a stick on the ground) and the latter being something like me seeing that stick bend when put into water. (also explained by optics)

[-][anonymous]13y00

The prohibition is against a theory dismissing observations.

This seems to me to be a straw man though. No one would ever claim that it's permissible for any theory to simply dismiss an observation. Just as no one would ever claim that since QM makes different predictions, physical events will now start happening differently.

Egan's law can't be that trivial, not if it's going to do any argumentative work against the quantum immortalist or his ilk.

On the Cartesian, remember that the observations he would report would be observations of things like the flow of aether relative to a celestial body. He, and we, have no basic most observational language to fall back on and which is immune to theoretical revision. This is the whole thrust of my argument, and it means that you would have to go about talking the Cartesian out of his observations until you got to terms basic enough that you both endorse them. Like "no, what you observed was a light moving in such and such a way through the night sky".

But we shouldn't be mislead into thinking that these were the terms on which he made his observations in the first place, or that there is some level of description on which you and he are always going to agree. This doesn't mean we can't separate observations from explanations, only that there's no prirncipled and fully general way to do so. There's no fixed 'normal'.

[-]asparisi13y00

Second, there is a difference between saying it does no argumentative work, and that it doesn't do as much as you'd like. The former is false. The latter is a personal problem.

Lastly, to say that all observations are theory laden is not to say that you must handle every level of disagreement at once.

[-][anonymous]13y00

It seems you are making a fairly basic mistake here, assuming that because all observation is theory-laden, that people who have different paradigms cannot communicate.

I'm not assuming this, or at least I don't expect that I am, given that I don't think it's true. But the fact that we can communicate also doesn't imply that there is a base observation language which we share and which provides a fixed normal. In other words, there are more than two options here. What would this language look like? It couldn't include references to objective facts, since these can always be overturned by a theory. Mere experiences then? Aside from the serious problems sense data theories of epistemology face (and how unnecessary they are to preserve the empirical elements of science) there is simply the observation that no one who hasn't been spending a lot of time with philosophers takes their normal world to consist in a collection of mere experiences.

[-]asparisi13y10

We don't require a base observation language: only the ability to point at things and agree that we are pointing at the same thing. The only thing that might qualify as a 'base observation language' is the neural impulses that send the sense data to my brain. Fortunate, then, that nature has taken care of that problem for us. It is the world, not our language about the world, that provides the fixed normal.

Further, the point of Egan's law is that objective facts are not overturned by a theory. Rather, it is theories that are overturned by facts.

And of course your normal world doesn't consist of just experiences: there are also your thoughts, dreams, emotions, motivations, theories, etc. Which is all well and good, and we can make observations about those, but we don't have to. (We do, quite often, especially in cognitive psychology and neuroscience, but that's a tangent) But experiences are how we determine what is true about the world, because that's what works.

[-][anonymous]13y00

The only thing that might qualify as a 'base observation language' is the neural impulses that send the sense data to my brain. Fortunate, then, that nature has taken care of that problem for us. It is the world, not our language about the world, that provides the fixed normal.

I think this is something like the naturalistic fallacy in ethics: no physical or biological process can be said to have epistemic or justificatory value just because it is the kind of process that it is. This isn't to say that such processes dont underlie my knowledge of the world in some sense, of course. The point is just that I can take a certain experience Of a blue object, say, as evidence for the existence of a blue object only because I have a bunch of prior knowledge about the relationship between those kinds of experiences and their correlation to the presence of blue objects in my visual field. Nothing about the firings of such and such a neural network is such as to be self-justifying or foundational. That would simply be a category mistake, like thinking that because my biology has produced in me certain inclinations toward my fellows, we can straight away take those inclinations to be a morality. Again, this doesn't undermine the crucial importance of biology in our morality, just a certain way of concieving of that importance.

I think we're miscommunicating on the 'facts' bit. What I mean is that if anything with extensional force, like 'the apple is green' can fall into the normal, then no theory should have to live up to it. The apple might really be blue. In fact, we might be convinced (haven't we already?) that the physical objects of common sense, existing in space and enduring through time while bearing and changing properties like color are simply unreal. Science has superseded and contradicted common sense here, however much it might later explain the details of why we have the common sense picture that we do.

I'll sum up my point by borrowing from someone else: 'Empirical knowledge, like it's sophisticated extension, science, is rational, not because it has a foundation but because it is a self-correcting enterprise which can put ANY claim in jeopardy, though not all at once.'

I want to tap out here, not because I think we've hit a dead end, but because I feel I've exhausted my resources. I've learned a lot from your replies, and I'll happily read anything else you have to say on the matter. Thanks again.

[-]Lightwave13y00

I just want to reiterate what asparisi said above, because it's an awesome point. "The sky is blue" is just a short-hand for "my brain converts this specific wavelength that enters into the eyes into an experience of blue". And then you realize that most (or even all) observations are of this type, they start with a subjective experience. Luckily these subjective experiences are more or less persistent over time and across humans, so we assume a shared persistent "reality".

[-][anonymous]13y00

I just want to reiterate what asparisi said above, because it's an awesome point. "The sky is blue" is just a short-hand for "my brain converts this specific wavelength that enters into the eyes into an experience of blue".

I'm not sure this is relevant. I'm happy to just use variables for these sentences, since their content isn't important to my point.

[-]Shmi13y10

I don't understand most of what you said (did you really need Greek letters to spell English names of logical predicates derived from German words?), but here is my instrumental understanding of this idea. If you perceive an apple as green, any model of apples/colors/light/perceptions/truths should output "green" in reply to "what color is this apple?".

[-][anonymous]13y20

I don't understand most of what you said (did you really need Greek letters to spell English names of logical predicates derived from German words?)

All my greek letters are just variables standing in for sentences, not logical predicates (and none of them have english names). I explained that here:

t is a theoretical language and ‘α ‘is a sentence within it, n is the normal language and ‘a’ is a sentence within it. E is the Egan property. Now that we’ve defined the Egan property of a theory, we can move on to Egan’s law.

If you perceive an apple as green, any model of apples/colors/light/perceptions/truths should output "green" in reply to "what color is this apple?".

Right, or some translation of 'green' like 'such and such a wavelength'.

[-]Shmi13y60

All my greek letters are just variables standing in for sentences, not logical predicates (and none of them have english names).

is it my browser, then?

[-][anonymous]13y40

Yikes, that's not what I see. But I think I know what the problem is, and I'll try to fix it. Thanks for pointing it out.

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