Why pretend, and not actually throw a stone? Or is this meant as a feint in case you can't find one lying within reach?

decreased in proportion to how many people bet on the election

No, how many male citizens twenty-one years of age do. Neither the 19th nor the 26th seem to override this.

Would it be fair to describe finitism as "a belief in at most one infinity"?

 what 2% compounding annual economic growth feels like

On the flip side of this, imagine what a 2% economic contraction, year after year, for two centuries would be like. I can't find the source for this (I don't think it was Bret Devereaux), but  This talk suggests that's what the Collapse of the (Western) Roman Empire would have felt like.

Even setting aside any criticism of what a "true democracy" is^[1] and whether the US's is better than what China has for Americans, your claim is that it's better for everyone. I don't think there's good reason to believe this; I'd expect that foreign policy is a more relevant thing to compare, and China's is broadly more non-interventionist than America's: if you were far away from the borders of both, you're more likely to experience American bombs^[2] than Chinese ones.

1. ^{^}

   I suspect what you have in mind conveniently includes decidedly anti-democratic protections for minorities.

2. ^{^}

   In service of noble causes like spreading democracy and human rights, protecting the rules-based international order, and stopping genocide, of course, but that's cold comfort when your family have been blown to bits. 

A few of the "distinct meanings" you list are very different from the others, but many of those are pretty similar. "Values" is a pretty broad term, including everything on the "ought" side of the is–ought divide, less "high-minded or noble" preferences, and one's "ranking over possible worlds", and that's fine: it seems like a useful (and coherent!) concept to have a word for. You can be more specific with adjectives if context doesn't adequately clarify what you mean.

Seeing through heaven's eyes or not, I see no meaningful difference between the statements "I would like to sleep with that pretty girl" and "worlds in which I sleep with that pretty girl are better than the ones in which I don't, ceteris paribus." I agree this is the key difference: yes, I conflate these two meanings^[1], and like the term "values" because it allows me to avoid awkward constructions like the latter when describing one's motivations.  

1. ^{^}

   I actually don't see two different meanings, but for the sake of argument, let's grant that they exist.

This is a lot like the time they awarded it for the invention of the blue LED, so I don't think "hype" is a good explanation. I agree it's bullshit though: it's not a physics achievement in any meaningful way.

The Chemistry one for AlphaFold seems reasonable to me.

Would you say the same thing of people saying they looked at the Wikipedia article?

Agreed, and I say the same of Errors of Types I and II, where false positive/negative are much better.