Should we do research on alignment schemes which use RLHF as a building block? E.g. work on recursive oversight schemes or RLHF with adversarial training?
- IMO, this kind of research is promising and I expect a large fraction of the best alignment research to look like this.
This seems like the key! It’s probably what people actually mean by the question “is RLHF a promising alignment strategy?”
Most of this post is laying out thoughtful reasoning about related but relatively uncontroversial questions like “is RLHF, narrowly construed, plausibly sufficient for alignment” (of course not) and “is RLHF, very broadly construed, plausibly useful for alignment” (of course yes). I don’t want to diminish the value of having those answers be more common-knowledge. But I do want to call attention to how little of the reasoning elsewhere in the post seems to me to support the plausibility of this opinion here, which is the most controversial and decision-relevant one, and which is stated without any direct justification. (There’s a little bit of justification for it elsewhere, which I’ve argued against in separate comments.) I’m afraid that one post which states a bunch of opinions about related questions, while including detailed reasoning but only for the less controversial ones, might be more persuasive than it ought to be about the juicier questions.
I’m afraid that one post which states a bunch of opinions about related questions, while including detailed reasoning but only for the less controversial ones, might be more persuasive than it ought to be about the juicier questions.
It isn't my intention to do this kind of motte and bailey; as I said, I think people really do conflate these questions, and I think that the things I said in response to some of these other questions are actually controversial to some. Hopefully people don't come away confused in the way you describe.
I don’t think RLHF seems worse than [prompting or filtering to] try to get your model to use its capabilities to be helpful. (Many LessWrong commenters disagree with me here but I haven’t heard them give any arguments that I find compelling.)
Where does the following argument fall flat for you?
- Human feedback is systematically wrong, e.g. approving of impressively well-reasoned-looking confabulations much more than “I don’t know.”
- The bias induced by sequence prediction preserves some of the correlations found in Internet text between features that human raters use as proxies (like being impressively well-reasoned-looking) and features that those are proxies for (like being internally coherent, and being consistent with other information found in the corpus).
- RL fine-tuning applies optimisation pressure to break these correlations in favor of optimising the proxies.
- Filtering (post-sequence-generation) preserves the correlations while optimising, making it more likely that the outputs which pass the filter have the underlying features humans thought they were selecting for.
Thanks for the clear argument (and all your other great comments).
I totally agree with 1 and 2. I'm not sure what I think of 3 and 4; I think it's plausible you're right (and either way I suspect I'll learn something useful from thinking it through).
In the first model I thought through, though, I don't think that you're right: if you train a model with RL with a KL penalty, it will end up with a policy that outputs a distribution over answers which is equivalent to taking the generative distribution and then applying a Boltzmann factor to upweight answers that your overseer likes. AFAICT this doesn't generally induce more causal Goodhart problems than best-of-N selection does.
(I might be wrong though, I'd appreciate a second opinion.)
I don't feel totally satisfied by this argument though, because RL with KL penalty generally seems kind of unprincipled to me. I'd rather have an argument that didn't rely on the KL penalty. I am unsure whether other reasonable models of RL will similarly not have the causal Goodhart problem. I'll keep thinking about it for a bit and would be interested in someone else working it out.
(The worked example in this comment was a joint effort with Eric Neyman and Drake Thomas.)
Here's a toy example in which we get worse Goodharting for RL than for filtering: suppose that our model has three submodules
- A, which tries to produce outputs which are both true and persuasive
- B, which tries to produce outputs which are true, but have no effect on persuasiveness
- C, which tries to produce outputs which are persuasive, but with no effect on truthiness.
Our model has parameters summing to 1 which determine how much to listen to each of these submodules. More specifically, our submodules produce samples from the normal distributions , respectively, and then our model puts these samples together to produce an output which has truth score
and persuasiveness score
.
We'll assume that we're only able to measure persuasiveness, but that we want truthiness.(Some unstated assumptions: with and .)
Our model was trained on data in which truthiness and persuasiveness were positively correlated; this will be reflected in having , so that and are positively correlated. If this is true, then conditioning on some persuasiveness score results in getting an output with expected truthiness score
.
Note that this scales linearly with , so that as we ask for more persuasiveness, we get more truthiness on average, as we'd hope.
In contrast, suppose we do RL on our model for high persuasiveness scores; imagine that this doesn't change the submodules A, B, and C much, but does tune the parameters . Then:
- if we'll set , i.e. always use the submodule which tries to produce true and persuasive outputs. This will result in average truthiness .
- but if we'll set , i.e. always use the submodule which tries to be persuasive but not true. This will result in average truthiness , much worse than we would get if we had done filtering.
Really this is just a dressed-up version of the classic Goodharting story, where you have a constrained resource () to allocate among various options(=the submodules A,B,C), so you put 100% of your resources into the option which is cheapest in persuasiveness-per-resource; unfortunately, this was not the option which gave the best truth-per-resource.
Some misc comments:
- This example was a bit silly, but I think it captures some pieces of many folks' intuitions around RL and Goodharting: pretrained models have lots of capabilities, which are in some sense competing for the steering wheel: you can't LARP an economist writing an excellent paper and simultaneously LARP a deceptive agent who wants paperclips but finds it instrumentally useful to write economics papers. Whichever capability scores best for your proxy will win out, and with all other possible ways the model could have completed the training task getting no say.
- By thinking of "persuasiveness" as being something which we actually wanted to get, this example also serves as an illustration of how filtering can be uncompetitive: filtering produces outputs whose persuasiveness is distributed as whereas RL produces a model whose outputs have persuasiveness on average; if is large, that means that you'd have to filter roughly the order of outputs to get the same persuasiveness as the average output of the RL-optimized model.
- I spent a while confused about how this squares with the baseline-probability-time-Boltzman-factor classification of what RL with a KL penalty will converge to. (The example above didn't have a KL penalty, but adding a small one wouldn't have much much difference.) I think the answer is that the model I described wasn't expressive enough to represent the baseline-probability-time-Boltzman-factor distribution that RL with a KL penalty would optimally converge to. This lack of expressivity seems quite related to the fact our model was a linear combination of three distributions which we modeled as not changing throughout training. That means that this story, which is based on the frame that generative models are a giant pile of capabilities which can be elicited, is in tension with the frame that neural networks are flexible function approximators; I found this pretty interesting.
- All this being said, I'm pretty skeptical that whatever sort of Goodharting is being captured in this example has much to do with the sort of Goodharting we empirically observe in RLHF, since this example doesn't work with best-of-n optimization (whereas extremal Goodharting does occur for best-of-n, as Buck pointed out elsethread).
- Overall, I don't put much stock in this example beyond helping articulate the point that RL amplifies capabilities in proportion to how causally downstream of high-reward outputs they are, whereas filtering only takes into account their correlations with high-reward outputs.
Note that in this example your model is unable to sample from the conditional you specified, since it is restricted to . In this regime truthfulness and persuasiveness are anticorrelated because of a capability constraint of your model, it just literally isn't able to increase both at the same time, and conditioning can do better because you are generating lots of samples and picking the best.
(You point this out in your comment, but it seems worth emphasizing. As you say, if you do RL with a KL penalty, then the capability limit is the only way you can get this kind of mismatch. Without a KL penalty the exact behavior of RL vs conditioning will depend on details of gradient descent, though it seems quite similar in practice and I'm not sure which way this comparison goes.)
In terms of being able to sample from the conditional, I don't think that the important constraint here is . Rather, it seems that the important constraint is that our architecture can only sample from distributions of the form ; even allowing to be arbitrary real numbers, this will never be the same as either (a) the distribution produced by conditioning the base model on high persuasiveness, or (b) the distribution which maximizes expected persuasiveness - KL divergence from the base model.
I'm not sure the above point as an important one. I just wanted to disambiguate some different capabilities limitations which appeared in the example:
- limitations on what sorts of distributions the architecture could approximate
- limitations on the latent capabilities in the base model for producing true/persuasive outputs
- limitations on how much steering each of the various latent capabilities gets to exert ().
On my understanding, your point was about limitation (1). But I don't feel especially nervous about limitation (1) -- taking the output distribution of our pretrained model and weighting it by a Boltzman factor feels like it should produce a kinda crazy distribution, and my naive intuition is that we shouldn't necessarily expect our model to be able to approximate this distribution that well after RL finetuning with a KL penalty.
I think I'm most nervous about the way we modeled limitation (3): I have no idea how to think about the extent to which models' capabilities trade off against one another, and taking without additional constraints would have resulted in outputs of mean truthiness for some which we can't pin down without specifying additional details (e.g. is there weight decay?).
I'm also most nervous about this way of modeling limitation (2)/(3), since it seems like it leads directly to the conclusion "fine-tuning always trades off truthfulness and persuasion, but conditioning can improve both."
Boltzmann factor to upweight answers that your overseer likes. AFAICT this doesn't generally induce more causal Goodhart problems than best-of-N selection does.
This seems correct insofar as your proxy reward does not have huge upward errors (that you don't remove via some sort of clipping). For example, if there's 1 million normal sentences with reward uniformly distributed between [0, 100] and one adversarial sentence with reward r=10^5, conditioning on reward>99 leads to a 1/10,000 chance of sampling the adversarial sentence, while it's very tricky (if not impossible) to correctly set the KL penalty so you end up optimizing reward without just outputting the adversarial sentence over and over again.
I don't feel totally satisfied by this argument though, because RL with KL penalty generally seems kind of unprincipled to me. I'd
I don't think it's particularly unprincipled; the KL penalty is just our way of encoding that the base policy is relatively reasonable (in a value-free way), and the model shouldn't deviate from it too much. Similarly, BoN is another way of encoding that the base policy is reasonable, albeit one that's easier to reason about on average.
Another way people regularize their RL is to mix in self-supervised training with RL (for example, they did this for text-davinci-003). I'm pretty sure this is also equivalent to RL w/ KL penalty.
I am unsure whether other reasonable models of RL will similarly not have the causal Goodhart problem.
There's the impact penalties approach (e.g. AUP or RLSP), which seem more principled than KL penalties in cases where you more information on the space of rewards.
You can also write do constrained optimization, which is again equivalent to modifying the reward function, but is way easier for humans to reason about and give feedback on.
In the first model I thought through, though, I don't think that you're right: if you train a model with RL with a KL penalty, it will end up with a policy that outputs a distribution over answers which is equivalent to taking the generative distribution and then applying a Boltzmann factor to upweight answers that your overseer likes. AFAICT this doesn't generally induce more causal Goodhart problems than best-of-N selection does.
As far as I can tell, the argument for this assumes that the model can generalise the reward function perfectly, which seems questionable because it only sees a few samples of the reward function (call this claim 1).
One possibility is that the Boltzmann factor upweights answers the model is confident the overseer will like more than answers it's less confident about. This could end up applying pressure to concentrate on high-confidence approved answers, which could break desirable correlations (call this claim 2).
I'm fairly confident in the claim that in general a Bayesian learner will not generalise the reward function perfectly (claim 1); how the reward function generalises will typically depend on the posterior over parameters and there are different posteriors that yield the same distribution over texts (Sam's sibling comment illustrates this point). I've no idea about what's going on with transformers, though - they can generalise text prediction quite well, so maybe they generalise approval quite well too, but that's just a wild guess. Claim 2 is idle speculation that I only mean to illustrate the point about pressure to break desirable correlations.
This is very interesting. I had previously thought the “KL penalty” being used in RLHF was just the local one that’s part of the PPO RL algorithm, but apparently I didn’t read the InstructGPT paper carefully enough.
I feel slightly better about RLHF now, but not much.
It’s true that minimizing KL subject to a constraint of always exceeding a certain reward threshold would theoretically be equivalent to Bayesian conditioning and therefore equivalent to filtering. That could be seen as a lexicographic objective where the binarised reward gets optimised first and then the KL penalty relative to the predictive model would restore the predictive model’s correlations (once the binarised reward is absolutely saturated). Unfortunately, this would be computationally difficult with gradient descent since you would already have mode-collapse before the KL penalty started to act.
In practice (in the InstructGPT paper, at least), we have a linear mixture of the reward and the global KL penalty. Obviously, if the global KL penalty is weighted at zero, it doesn’t help avoid Causal Goodhart, nor if it’s weighted at . Conversely, if it’s weighted at , the model won’t noticeably respond to human feedback. I think this setup has a linear tradeoff between how much helpfulness you get and how much you avoid Causal Goodhart.
The ELBO argument in the post you linked requires explicitly transforming the reward into a Boltzmann distribution (relative to the prior of the purely predictive model) before using it in the objective function, which seems computationally difficult. That post also suggests some other alternatives to RLHF that are more like cleverly accelerated filtering, such as PPLM, and has a broad conclusion that RL doesn’t seem like the best framework for aligning LMs.
That being said, both of the things I said seem computationally difficult above also seem not-necessarily-impossible and would be research directions I would want to allocate a lot of thought to if I were leaning into RLHF as an alignment strategy.
It’s true that minimizing KL subject to a constraint of always exceeding a certain reward threshold would theoretically be equivalent to Bayesian conditioning and therefore equivalent to filtering.
It's also true that maximizing Reward - KL is Bayesian updating as the linked post shows, and it's true that maximizing reward subject to a KL constraint is also equivalent to Bayesian updating as well (by Lagrangian multipliers). You see similar results with Max Ent RL (where you maximize Reward + Entropy, which is equal to a constant minus the KL relative to a uniform distribution), for example.
Unfortunately, this would be computationally difficult with gradient descent since you would already have mode-collapse before the KL penalty started to act.
Sounds like you need to increase the KL penalty, then!
I think this setup has a linear tradeoff between how much helpfulness you get and how much you avoid Causal Goodhart.
I don't see why this argument doesn't also apply to the conditioning case -- if you condition on a proxy reward being sufficiently high, you run into the exact same issues as w/ KL regularized RL with binarized reward.
requires explicitly transforming the reward into a Boltzmann distribution
This seems like a misunderstanding of the post (and the result in general) -- it shows that doing RL with KL constraints is equivalent to Bayesian updating the LM prior with a likelihood (and the update people use in practice is equivalent to variational inference). You wouldn't do this updating explicitly, because computing the normalizing factor is too hard (as usual); instead you just optimize RL - KL as you usually would.
(Or use a decoding scheme to skip the training entirely; I'm pretty sure you can just do normal MCMC or approximate it with weight decoding/PPLM.)
Firstly, a clarification: I don't want to claim that RL-with-KL-penalty policies are the same as the results of conditioning. I want to claim that you need further assumptions about the joint distribution of (overseer score, true utility) in order to know which produces worse Goodhart problems at a particular reward level (and so there's no particular reason to think of RL as worse).
It’s true that minimizing KL subject to a constraint of always exceeding a certain reward threshold would theoretically be equivalent to Bayesian conditioning and therefore equivalent to filtering. [...]In practice (in the InstructGPT paper, at least), we have a linear mixture of the reward and the global KL penalty. [...]
I thought that using linear mixture of reward and global KL penalty is (because of a Lagrange multiplier argument) the same as having a constraint on reward while minimizing KL penalty?
Maybe the point you're making is that the KL between the policy and the original generative model is different on different inputs? I agree that this means that the RL policy is different than the best-of-n policy, but I don't see why either has predictably worse Goodhart problems.
It's not clear to me that 3. and 4. can both be true assuming we want the same level of output quality as measured by our proxy in both cases. Sufficiently strong filtering can also destroy correlations via Extremal Goodhart (e.g. this toy example). So I'm wondering whether the perception of filtering being safer just comes from the fact that people basically never filter strongly enough to get a model that raters would be as happy with as a fine-tuned one (I think such strong filtering is probably just computationally intractable?)
Maybe there is some more detailed version of your argument that addresses this, if so I'd be interested to see it. It might argue that with filtering, we need to apply less selection pressure to get the same level of usefulness (though I don't see why), or maybe that Goodhart's law kicks in less with filtering than with RLHF for some reason.
Extremal Goodhart relies on a feasibility boundary in -space that lacks orthogonality, in such a way that maximal logically implies non-maximal . In the case of useful and human-approved answers, I expect that in fact, there exist maximally human-approved answers that are also maximally useful—even though there are also maximally human-approved answers that are minimally useful! I think the feasible zone here looks pretty orthogonal, pretty close to a Cartesian product, so Extremal Goodhart won't come up in either near-term or long-term applications. Near-term, it's Causal Goodhart and Regressional Goodhart, and long-term, it might be Adversarial Goodhart.
Extremal Goodhart might come into play if, for example, there are some truths about what's useful that humans simply cannot be convinced of. In that case, I am fine with answers that pretend those things aren't true, because I think the scope of that extremal tradeoff phenomenon will be small enough to cope with for the purpose of ending the acute risk period. (I would not trust it in the setting of "ambitious value learning that we defer the whole lightcone to.")
For the record, I'm not very optimistic about filtering as an alignment scheme either, but in the setting of "let's have some near-term assistance with alignment research", I think Causal Goodhart is a huge problem for RLHF that is not a problem for equally powerful filtering. Regressional Goodhart will be a problem in any case, but it might be manageable given a training distribution of human origin.
Idk, if you're carving up the space into mutually exclusive "Causal Goodhart" and "Extremal Goodhart" problems, then I expect conditioning to have stronger Extremal Goodhart problems, just because RL can change causal mechanisms to lead to high performance, whereas conditioning has to get high performance just by sampling more and more extreme outputs.
(But mostly I think you don't want to carve up the space into mutually exclusive "Causal Goodhart" and "Extremal Goodhart".)
Extremal Goodhart is different from other forms of Goodhart in that a maximal value of something will always lead to less or zero true reward.
This is difficult to show, since you need to show that anything you maximize implies non maximal true reward. And that's different from causal Goodhart, where the causal relationship is mistaken.
Thanks! Causal Goodhart is a good point, and I buy now that RLHF seems even worse from a Goodhart perspective than filtering. Just unsure by how much, and how bad filtering itself is. In particular:
In the case of useful and human-approved answers, I expect that in fact, there exist maximally human-approved answers that are also maximally useful
This is the part I'm still not sure about. For example, maybe the simplest/apparently-easiest-to-understand answer that looks good to humans tends to be false. Then if human raters prefer simpler answers (because they're more confident in their evaluations of those), the maximally approved answers might be bad. This is similar to the truths humans can't be convinced of you mention, but with the difference that it's just a matter of how convinced humans are by different answers. We could then be in a situation where both filtering and RLHF suffer a lot from Goodhart's law, and while RLHF might technically be even worse, the difference wouldn't matter in practice since we'd need a solution to the fundamental problem anyway.
I feel like the key question here is how much selection pressure we apply. My sense is that for sufficient amounts of selection pressure, we do quite plausibly run into extremal Goodhart problems like that. But it also seems plausible we wouldn't need to select that hard (e.g. we don't need the single most compelling answer), in which case I agree with what you said.
As a caveat, I didn't think of the RL + KL = Bayesian inference result when writing this, I'm much less sure now (and more confused).
Anyway, what I meant: think of the computational graph of the model as a causal graph, then changing the weights via RLHF is an intervention on this graph. It seems plausible there are somewhat separate computational mechanisms for producing truth and for producing high ratings inside the model, and RLHF could then reinforce the high rating mechanism without correspondingly reinforcing the truth mechanism, breaking the correlation. I certainly don't think there will literally be cleanly separable circuits for truth and high rating, but I think the general idea plausibly applies. I don't see how anything comparable happens with filtering.
I think your claim is something like:
Without some form of regularization, some forms of RL can lead to trajectories that have zero probability wrt the base distribution (e.g. because they break a correlation that occurs on the pretraining distribution with 100% accuracy). However, sampling cannot lead to trajectories with zero probability?
As stated, this claim is false for LMs without top-p sampling or floating point rounding errors, since every token has a logit greater than negative infinity and thus a probability greater than actual 0. So with enough sampling, you'll find the RL trajectories.
This is obviously a super pedantic point: RL finds sentences with cross entropy of 30+ nats wrt to the base distribution all the time, while you'll never do Best-of-exp(30)~=1e13. And there's an empirical question of how much performance you get versus how far your new policy is from the old one, e.g. if you look at Leo Gao's recent RLHF paper, you'll see that RL is more off distribution than BoN at equal proxy rewards.
That being said, I do think you need to make more points than just "RL can result in incredibly implausible trajectories" in order to claim that BoN is safer than RL, since I claim that Best-of-exp(30) is not clearly safe either!
No, I'm not claiming that. What I am claiming is something more like: there are plausible ways in which applying 30 nats of optimization via RLHF leads to worse results than best-of-exp(30) sampling, because RLHF might find a different solution that scores that highly on reward.
Toy example: say we have two jointly Gaussian random variables X and Y that are positively correlated (but not perfectly). I could sample 1000 pairs and pick the one with the highest X-value. This would very likely also give me an unusually high Y-value (how high depends on the correlation). Or I could change the parameters of the distribution such that a single sample will typically have an X-value as high as the 99.9th percentile of the old distribution. In that case, the Y-value I typically get will depend a lot on how I changed the parameters. E.g. if I just shifted the X-component of the mean and nothing else, I won't get higher Y-values at all.
I'm pretty unsure what kinds of parameter changes RLHF actually induces, I'm just saying that parameter updates can destroy correlations in a way that conditioning doesn't. This is with the same amount of selection pressure on the proxy in both cases.
RLHF could then reinforce the high rating mechanism without correspondingly reinforcing the truth mechanism, breaking the correlation.
I unconfidently think that in this case, RLHF will reinforce both mechanisms, but reinforce the high rating mechanism slightly more, which nets out to no clear difference from conditioning. But I wouldn't be shocked to learn I was wrong.
Incidentally, I doubt either of us considers this kind of empirical evidence much of an update about the long-term situation, but Gao et al compare best-of-N and RL and find that "the relationship between the proxy reward model score and the gold reward model score is similar for both methods." (Thanks to Ansh Radhakrishnan for pointing this out.)
I agree with the general point, but I'll note that at equal proxy reward model scores, the RL policy has significantly more KL divergence with the base policy.
That’s not the case when using a global KL penalty—as (I believe) OpenAI does in practice, and as Buck appeals to in this other comment. In the paper linked here a global KL penalty is only applied in section 3.6, because they observe a strictly larger gap between proxy and gold reward when doing so.
This doesn't seem to be what Gao et al found: Figure 9 shows that the KL between RL and initial policy, at a given proxy reward score, still is significantly larger than the equivalent KL for a BoN-policy, as shown in Figure 1.
In RLHF there are at least three different (stochastic) reward functions:
- the learned value network
- the “human clicks 👍/👎” process, and
- the “what if we asked a whole human research group and they had unlimited time and assistance to deliberate about this one answer” process.
I think the first two correspond to what that paper calls “proxy” and “gold” but I am instead concerned with the ways in which 2 is a proxy for 3.
I’m not really aware of any compelling alternatives to this class of plan–“training a model based on a reward signal” is basically all of machine learning
I think the actual concern there is about human feedback, but you phrased the question as about overseer feedback, but then your answer (quoted) is about any reward signal at all.
Is next-token prediction already “training a model based on a reward signal”? A little bit—there’s a loss function! But is it effectively RL on next-token-prediction reward/feedback? Not really. Next-token prediction, by contrast to RL, only does one-step lookahead and doesn’t use a value network (only a policy network). Next-token prediction is qualitatively different from RL because it doesn’t do any backprop-through-time (which can induce emergent/convergent forward-looking “grooves” in trajectory-space which were not found in the [pre]training distribution).
Perhaps more importantly, maintaining some qualitative distance between the optimisation target for an AI model and the human “does this look good?” function seems valuable, for similar reasons to why one holds out some of the historical data while training a financial model, or why one separates a test distribution from a validation distribution. When we give the optimisation process unfettered access to the function that’s ultimately going to make decisions about how all-things-considered good the result is, the opportunities for unmitigated overfitting/Goodharting are greatly increased.
I still don't think you've proposed an alternative to "training a model with human feedback". "maintaining some qualitative distance between the optimisation target for an AI model and the human “does this look good?” function" sounds nice, but how do we even do that? What else should we optimise the model for, or how should we make it aligned? If you think the solution is use AI-assisted humans as overseers, then that doesn't seem to be a real difference with what Buck is saying. So even if he actually had written that he's not aware of an alternative to "training a model with human/overseer feedback", I don't think you've refuted that point.
Briefly, the alternative optimisation target I would suggest is performance at achieving intelligible, formally specified goals within a purely predictive model/simulation of the real world.
Humans could then look at what happens in the simulations and say "gee, that doesn't look good," and specify better goals instead, and the policy won't experience gradient pressure to make those evaluations systematically wrong.
This isn't the place where I want to make a case for the "competitiveness" or tractability of that kind of approach, but what I want to claim here is that it is an example of an alignment paradigm that does leverage machine learning (both to make a realistic model of the world and to optimise policies for acting within that model) but does not directly use human approval (or an opaque model thereof) as an optimisation target in the kind of way that seems problematic about RLHF.
Thanks for the answer! I feel uncertain whether that suggestion is an "alignment" paradigm/method though - either these formally specified goals don't cover most of the things we care about, in which case this doesn't seem that useful, or they do, in which case I'm pretty uncertain how we can formally specify them - that's kind of the whole outer alignment problem. Also, there is still (weaker) pressure to produce outputs that look good to humans, if humans are searching over goals to find those that produce good outputs. I agree it's further away, but that seems like it could also be a bad thing, if it makes it harder to pressure the models to actually do what we want in the first place.
I think the actual concern there is about human feedback, but you phrased the question as about overseer feedback, but then your answer (quoted) is about any reward signal at all.
I think that some people actually have the concern I responded to there, rather than the concern you say that they might have instead.
I agree that I conflated between overseer feedback and any reward signal at all; I wondered while writing the post whether this conflation would be a problem. I don't think it affects the situation much but it's reasonable for you to ask me to justify that.
The author seems aware of all the issues with why RL could be dangerous, but wants to use it anyway, rather than looking for alternatives: frankly it feels confused to me. I found it unhelpful.
1But I’m not really aware of any compelling alternatives to this class of plan–”training a model based on a reward signal” is basically all of machine learning, and so if you wanted to have an alignment strategy that’s competitive, I don’t see what else you can do.
There is an alternative. Rather that applying the reward signal to the model's output, apply it to the pretraining corpus, or to samples generated by humans or some weaker model. This avoids the possibility of a very capable model using very capable persuasion techniques to game the training process. (The problem with this is that it's heavily off-policy: the reward feedback is less concentrated in the region of the policy, so you likely need more of it.)
I'm surprised no one has brought up the quantilizer results, specifically the quantilizer optimality theorem from Taylor 2015:
Theorem 1 (Quantilizer optimality). Choose q=1/t. Then, a q-quantilizer maximizes expected U-utility subject to constraint 2.
where constraint 2 is that you don't do more than t worse in expectation on any possible cost function, relative to the original distribution of actions. That is, quantilizers (which are in turn approximated by BoN), are the optimal solution to a particular robust RL problem.
However, it turns out that KL-regularized RL is also optimal with respect to a robust optimization problem, for rewards function "close enough" to the proxy reward! Here's a proof for the Max Ent RL case here, which transfers to the KL-regularized RL case if you change the measure of : to be from the base policy :
(In general, you just want to solve the robust RL problem wrt a prior over rewards with a grain of truth that's also as narrow as possible, is just adversarial AUP.)
For those interested in empirical work on RLHF and building the safety community, Meta AI's BlenderBot project has produced several good papers on the topic. A few that I liked:
- My favorite one is about filtering out trolls from crowdsourced human feedback data. They begin with the observation that when you crowdsource human feedback, you're going to get some bad feedback. They identify various kinds of archetypal trolls: the "Safe Troll" who marks every response as safe, the "Unsafe Troll" who marks them all unsafe, the "Gaslight Troll" whose only feedback is marking unsafe generations as safe, and the "Lazy Troll" whose feedback is simply incorrect a random percentage of the time. Then they implement several methods for filtering out incorrect feedback examples, and find that the best approach (for their particular hypothesized problem) is to score each user's trustworthiness based on agreement with other users' feedback scores and filter feedback from untrustworthy users. This seems like an important problem for ChatGPT or any system accepting public feedback, and I'm very happy to see a benchmark identifying the problem and several proposed methods making progress.
- They have a more general paper about online learning from human feedback. They recommend a modular feedback form similar to the one later used by ChatGPT, and they observe that feedback on smaller models can improve the performance of larger models.
- DIRECTOR is a method for language model generation aided by a reward model classifier. The method performs better than ranking and filtering beam searches as proposed in FUDGE, but unfortunately they don't compare to full fine-tuning on a learned preference model as used by OpenAI and Anthropic.
- They also have this paper and this paper on integrating retrieved knowledge into language model responses, which is relevant for building Truthful AI but advances capabilities more than I think safety researchers should be comfortable with.
Meta and Yann LeCun in particular haven't been very receptive to arguments about AI risk. But the people working on BlenderBot have a natural overlap with OpenAI, Anthropic, and others working on alignment who'd like to collect and use human feedback to align language models. Meta's language models aren't nearly as capable as OpenAI's and have attracted correspondingly less buzz, but they did release BlenderBot 3 with the intention of gathering lots of human feedback data. They could plausibly be a valuable ally and source of research on how to how to robustly align language models using human preference data.
I think that RLHF is reasonably likely to be safer than prompt engineering: RLHF is probably a more powerful technique for eliciting your model’s capabilities than prompt engineering is. And so if you need to make a system which has some particular level of performance, you can probably achieve that level of performance with a less generally capable model if you use RLHF than if you use prompt engineering.
Wait, that doesn't really follow. RLHF can elicit more capabilities than prompt engineering, yes, but how is that a reason for RLHF being safer than prompt engineering?
Here's my steelman of this argument:
- There is some quantity called a "level of performance".
- A certain level of performance, , is necessary to assist humans in ending the acute risk period.
- A higher level of performance, , is necessary for a treacherous turn.
- Any given alignment strategy is associated with a factor , such that it can convert an unaligned model with performance into an aligned model with performance .
- The maximum achievable performance of unaligned models increases somewhat gradually as a function of time .
- Given two alignment strategies and such that , it is more likely that than that .
- Therefore, a treacherous turn is less likely in a world with alignment strategy than in a world with only alignment strategy .
I'm pretty skeptical of premises 3, 4, and 5, but I think the argument actually is valid, and my guess is that Buck and a lot of other folks in the prosaic-alignment space essentially just believe those premises are plausible.
You can weaken the premises a lot:
- Instead of having a single "level of performance", you can have different levels of performance for "ending the acute risk period" vs "treacherous turn". This allows you to get rid of the "higher" part of premise 3, which does seem pretty sketchy to me. It also allows you to talk about factors for particular tasks on particular models rather than for "overall performance" in premise 4, which seems much more realistic (since could vary for different tasks or different models).
- You can get rid of Premise 5 entirely, if you have Premise 6 say "at least as likely" rather than "more likely".
I'd rewrite as:
Premise 1: There is some quantity called a "level of performance at a given task".
Definition 1: Let be the level of performance at whatever you want the model to do (e.g. ending the acute risk period), and , is the level of performance you want.
Definition 2: Let be the level of performance at executing a treacherous turn, and be the level of performance required to be successful.
Definition 3: Consider a setting where we apply an alignment strategy to a particular model. Suppose that the model has latent capabilities sufficient to achieve performance . Then, the resulting model must have actual capabilities for some factors . (If you assume that can only elicit capabilities rather than creating new capabilities, then you have .)
Lemma 1: Consider two alignment strategies and applied to a model M, where you are uncertain about the latent capabilities , but you know that , and . Then, it is at least as likely that than that .
Premise 2:
Premise 3: . This corresponds to Buck's point, which I agree with, here:
I don’t think RLHF seems worse than these other ways you could try to get your model to use its capabilities to be helpful. (Many LessWrong commenters disagree with me here but I haven’t heard them give any arguments that I find compelling.)
Conclusion: RLHF is at least as likely to allow you to [reach the desired level of performance at the task while avoiding a treacherous turn] as prompt engineering.
(If you consider the task "end the acute risk period", then this leads to the same conclusion as in your argument, though that bakes in an assumption that we will use a single AI model to end the acute risk period, which I don't agree with.)
Critiquing the premises of this new argument:
Premise 1 is a simplification but seems like a reasonable one.
Premises 2 and 3 are not actually correct: the more accurate thing to say here is that this is true in expectation given our uncertainty about the underlying parameters. Unfortunately lemma 1 stops being a theorem if you have distributions over and . Still, I think the fact that this argument if you replace distributions by their expectations should still be a strong argument in favor of the conclusion absent some reason to disbelieve it.
My interpretation here is that, compared to prompt engineering, RLHF elicits a larger % of the model's capabilities, which makes it safer because the gap between "capability you can elicit" and "underlying capability capacity" is smaller.
For instance, maybe we want to demonstrate a model has excellent hacking capabilities; and say this corresponds to a performance of 70. We pre-train a model which has performance of 50 without anything special, but the pre-trained model has a lot of potential, and we think it has a max capability of 100. Using RLHF boosts performance by 40% from pre-trained, so it could get our model's performance up to 70, but using just prompt engineering isn't so effective, it only boosts our model's capabilities by 20%, up to 60. So, if we want to elicit the performance level 70 using prompt engineering, we need a model that is more powerful at baseline (and thus has a more powerful potential). Math: 1.2 x = 70, so x = 58.3 is the model's pre-trained performance, and such a model has a max capability of 58.3 * 2 = 116.7. So in this example, in order to get the desired behavior, we need a less powerful model with RLHF or a more powerful model with prompt engineering.
Why it might be good to have models with lower potential capabilities:
- we might be worried about sudden jumps in capability from being able to better utilize pre-trained models. If "ability we are able to elicit" is only slightly below "maximum possible ability" then this is less of a problem.
- we might be worried about a treacherous turn in which an AI is able to utilize almost all of its potential capabilities; we would be taken by surprise and in trouble if this included capabilities much greater than what we have (or even what we know exist).
- accidents will be less bad if our model has overall lower capability potential
- [edited to add] This list is not meant to be comprehensive, but here's an important one: we might expect models with capabilities above some threshold to be deceptive and capable of a treacherous turn. In some sense, we want to get close to this line without crossing it, in order to take actions which protect the world from misaligned AIs. In the above example, we could imagine that getting a max capability above 105 results in a deceptive model which can execute a treacherous turn. Using RLHF on the 100-max model allows us to get the behavior we wanted, but if we are using prompt engineering than we would need to make a dangerous model to get the desired behavior.
Thanks for sharing, I agree with most of these arguments.
Another possible shortcoming of RLHF is that it teaches human preferences within the narrow context of a specific task, rather than teaching a more principled and generalizable understanding of human values. For example, ChatGPT learns from human feedback to not give racist responses in conversation. But does the model develop a generalizable understanding of what racism is, why it's wrong, and how to avoid moral harm from racism in a variety of contexts? It seems like the answer is no, given the many ways to trick ChatGPT into providing dangerously racist outputs. Redwood's work on high reliability filtering came to a similar conclusion: current RLHF techniques don't robustly generalize to cover similar examples of corrected failures.
Rather than learning by trial and error, it's possible that learning human values in a systematic, principled way could generalize further than RLHF. For example, the ETHICS benchmark measures whether language models understand the implications of various moral theories. Such an understanding could be used to filter the outputs of another language model or AI agent, or as a reward model to train other models. Similarly, law is a codified set of human behavioral norms with established procedures for oversight and dispute resolution. There has been discussion of how AI could learn to follow human laws, though law has significant flaws as a codification of human values. I'd be interested to see more work evaluating and improving AI understanding of principled systems of human value, and using that understanding to better align AI behavior.
(h/t Michael Chen and Dan Hendrycks for making this argument before I understood it.)
Here’s how I’d quickly summarize my problems with this scheme:
- Oversight problems:
- Overseer doesn’t know: In cases where your unaided humans don’t know whether the AI action is good or bad, they won’t be able to produce feedback which selects for AIs that do good things. This is unfortunate, because we wanted to be able to make AIs that do complicated things that have good outcomes.
- Overseer is wrong: In cases where your unaided humans are actively wrong about whether the AI action is good or bad, their feedback will actively select for the AI to deceive the humans.
- Catastrophe problems:
- Even if the overseer’s feedback was perfect, a model whose strategy is to lie in wait until it has an opportunity to grab power will probably be able to successfully grab power.
This is the common presentation of issues with RLHF, and I find it so confusing.
The "oversight problems" are specific to RLHF; scalable oversight schemes attempt to address these problems.
The "catastrophe problem" is not specific to RLHF (you even say that). This problem may appear with any form of RL (that only rewards/penalises model outputs). In particular, scalable oversight schemes (if they only supervise model outputs) do not address this problem.
So why is RLHF more likely to lead to X-risk than, say, recursive reward modelling?
The case for why the "oversight problems" should lead to X-risk is very rarely made. Maybe RLHF is particularly likely to lead to the "catastrophe problem" (compared to, say, RRM), but this case is also very rarely made.
Should we do more research on improving RLHF (e.g. increasing its sample efficiency, or understanding its empirical properties) now?
I think this research, though it’s not my favorite kind of alignment research, probably contributes positively to technical alignment. Also, it maybe boosts capabilities, so I think it’s better to do this research privately (or at least not promote your results extensively in the hope of raising more funding). I normally don’t recommend that people research this, and I normally don’t recommend that projects of this type be funded.
Should we do research on alignment schemes which use RLHF as a building block? E.g. work on recursive oversight schemes or RLHF with adversarial training?
IMO, this kind of research is promising and I expect a large fraction of the best alignment research to look like this.
Where does this difference come from?
From an alignment perspective, increasing the sample efficiency of RLHF looks really good, as this would allow us to use human experts with plenty of deliberation time to provide the supervision. I'd expect this to be at least as good as several rounds of debate, IDA, or RRM in which the human supervision is provided by human lay people under time pressure.
From a capabilities perspective, recursive oversight schemes and adversarial training also increase capabilities. E.g. a reason that Google currently doesn’t deploy their LLMs is probably that they sometimes produce offensive output, which is probably better addressed by increasing the data diversity during finetuning (e.g. adversarial training), rather than improving specification (although that’s not clear).
(A few of the words in this post were written by Ryan Greenblatt and Ajeya Cotra. Thanks to Oliver Habryka and Max Nadeau for particularly helpful comments.)
Sometimes people want to talk about whether RLHF is “a promising alignment strategy”, or whether it “won’t work” or “is just capabilities research”. I think that conversations on these topics are pretty muddled and equivocate between a bunch of different questions. In this doc, I’ll attempt to distinguish some of these questions, and as a bonus, I’ll give my opinions on them.
I wrote this post kind of quickly, and I didn’t have time to justify all the claims I make; I hope that this post is net helpful anyway. I’m sympathetic to claims that alignment researchers should err more on the side of writing fewer but better posts; maybe I’ll regret making this one now instead of waiting.
That said, I’m less convinced than the median LessWrong commenter that speeding up AGI is bad right now, mostly because I partially agree with the argument in the first bullet point here.