The o1 evaluation doc gives -- or appears to give -- the full CoT for a small number of examples, that might be an interesting comparison.

Just had a look. One difference between the CoTs in the evaluation doc and the "CoTs" in the screenshots above is that the evaluation docs CoTs tend to begin with the model referring to itself eg. "We are asked to solve this crossword puzzle.", "We are told that for all integer values of kk" or the problem at hand eg. "First, what is going on here? We are given:". Deepseek r1 tends to do that as well. The above screenshots don't show that behaviour, instead begins by talking in second person eg. "you're right" and "here's your table", which sounds very much like a model response rather than CoT. In fact the last screenshot is almost the same as the response, and upon closer inspection, all the greyed out texts pass as good responses instead of the final responses in black.

I think this is strong evidence that the greyed-out text is NOT CoT but perhaps an alternative response. Thanks for prompting me!

It would mean that R1 is actually more efficient and therefore more advanced that o1, which is possible but not very plausible given its simple RL approach.

I think that is very plausible. I don't think o1 or even r1 for that matter is anywhere near as efficient as LLMs can be. OpenAI is probably putting a lot more resources to get to AGI first, than to get to AGI efficiently. Deepseek v3 is already miles better than GPT 4o while being cheaper.

I think it's more likely that o1 is similar to R1-Zero (rather than R1), that is, it may mix languages which doesn't result in reasoning steps that can be straightforwardly read by humans. A quick inference time fix for this is to do another model call which translates the gibberish into readable English, which would explain the increased CoT time.

I think this is extremely unlikely. Here's some questions that demonstrate why.
Do you think OpenAI is using a model to first translate to English, and then another model to generate a summary? Is this conditional on showing the translated CoTs being a feature going forwards? If so, do you expect OpenAI to do this for all CoTs or just the CoTs they intend to show? If the latter, don't you think there will be a significant difference in the "thinking" time between the responses where the translated CoT is visible and the responses where only the summary is visible?

A few notable things from these CoTs:

1. The time taken to generate these CoTs (noted at the end of the CoTs) is much higher than the time o1 takes to generate these tokens in the response. Therefore, it's very likely that OpenAI is sampling the best ones from multiple CoTs (or CoT steps with a tree search algorithm), which are the ones shown in the screenshots in the post. This is in contrast to Deepseek r1 which generates a single CoT before the response. 

2. The CoTs themselves are well structured into paragraphs. At first, I thought this hints towards a tree search over CoT steps with some process reward model, but r1 also structures its CoTs into nice paragraphs. 

I strongly suspect that publishing the benchmark and/or positive results of AI on the benchmark pushes capabilities much more than publishing simple scaffolding + fine-tuning solutions that do well on the benchmark for benchmarks that measure markers of AI progress.

Examples:

1. The exact scaffolding used by Sakana AI did not propel AGI capabilities as much compared to the common knowledge it created that LLMs can somewhat do end-to-end science.
2. No amount of scaffolding that the Arc AGI or Frontier Math team could build would have as much of an impact on AGI capabilities as the benchmarks themselves. These benchmark results basically validated that the direction OpenAI is taking is broadly correct, and I suspect many people who weren't fully sold on test-time compute will now change strategies as a result of that. 
    

Hard benchmarks of meaningful tasks serve as excellent metrics to measure progress, which is great for capabilities research. Of course, they are also very useful for making decisions that need to be informed by an accurate tracking or forecasting of capabilities. 

Whether making hard meaningful benchmarks such as frontier math and arc agi and LLM science are net negative or positive is unclear to me (a load-bearing question is whether the big AGI labs have internal benchmarks as good as these already that they can use instead). I do think however that you'd have to be extraordinarily excellent at designing scaffolding (and finetuning and the like) and even then spend way too much effort at it to do significant harm from the scaffolding itself rather than the benchmark that the scaffolding was designed for. 

I guess we could in theory fail and only achieve partial alignment, but that seems like a weird scenario to imagine. Like shooting for a 1 in big_number target (= an aligned mind design in the space of all potential mind designs) and then only grazing it. How would that happen in practice?

Are you saying that the 1 aligned mind design in the space of all potential mind designs is an easier target than the subspace composed of mind designs that does not destroy the world? If so, why? is it a bigger target? is it more stable?

Can't you then just ask your pretty-much-perfectly-aligned entity to align itself on that remaining question?

No, because the you who can ask (the persons in power) is themselves misaligned with the 1 alignment target that perfectly captures all our preferences.

And why must alignment be binary? (aligned, or misaligned, where misaligned necessarily means it destroys the world and does not care about property rights)

Why can you not have an a superintelligence that is only misaligned when it comes to issues of wealth distribution?

Relatedly, are we sure that CEV is computable?

Thanks for writing this!

Could you clarify how the Character/Predictive ground layers in your model are different from Simulacra/Simulator in simulator theory?

Some thoughts.

Parts that were an update for me:

1. Misalignment faking when fine-tuned on synthetic docs
   1. Although the fine-tuning setting is still very toy. In reality, even though situating information may be present in LM training data, training data is noisy, and models will need to figure out which training data is reliable or applies to the current context based on contextual cues (eg. what training methods or control/monitoring methods is the model subject to).
2. Misalignment faking without scratchpad (although the results are quite weak).

Parts that I am still sceptical about:

1. Telling a model that it has a hidden scratchpad that it can use to reason may elicit an unrealistically misaligned persona. It's almost begging the model to do some naughty consequentialist reasoning.

Sources of relief :

1. We still have CoT monitoring (in so far as CoT is faithful) as a reserved trick up our sleeve.
   1. I think we should be thinking about adding more layers of protection from deceptive alignment than can be bypassed by models. Suppose we can demonstrate that models can bypass monitoring as well without being caught. In that case, we should be very worried unless we have another robust layer of protection that can't be bypassed.

I'm referring to the work as misalignment faking instead of alignment faking as that's what's demonstrated (as an analogy for alignment faking)

If you think of Pangolin behaviour and name as control it seems that it is going down slower than Axolotl.

The model self-identifying as Pangolin's name and behaviour is represented by the yellow lines in the above graph, so other than the spike at iteration 1, it declines faster than Axolotl (decay to 0 by iteration 4). 
 

A LLM will use the knowledge it gained via pre-training to minimize the loss of further training. 

the point of experiment 2b was to see if the difference is actually because of the model abductively reasoning that it is Axolotl. Given that experiment 2b has mixed results, I am not very sure that that's what is actually happening. Can't say conclusively without running more experiments.